انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Analysis of the Organization of Land Uses Along the Rivers of Noor City for Sustainable Tourism Development تحلیلی بر ساماندهی کاربری‌های حاشیه رودخانه‌های شهر نور جهت توسعه گردشگری پایدار 1 21 721099 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2052055.1154 FA فرنام فخاری دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نور، ایران صدرالدین متولی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نور 0000-0003-1969-472X جلال عظیمی آملی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نور، ایران غلامرضا جانباز قبادی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نور، ایران Journal Article 2025 01 30 Extended Abstract Introduction Recent studies have shown that land use planning plays a crucial role in the social and economic development of developing countries. The city of Noor, located in the south of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province, faces challenges such as inappropriate land use and uneven distribution of facilities due to population growth. River management in this city involves a set of corrective, protective, and control measures used to control and mitigate floods in flood-prone rivers. These measures aim to reduce the destructive effects of floods, prevent water level rise during floods, and protect riverbank lands and residential areas from flood encroachment. Additionally, these measures include modifying the course of seasonal floods, improving river conditions, shaping water flow, protecting and stabilizing riverbeds and banks from erosion, and enhancing river conditions. The rivers in Noor have high potential for beautification and improving urban scenery, but due to the lack of tourism infrastructure, incompatible land uses, and improper water resource management, these areas receive less attention. The absence of pedestrian paths, parks, and recreational facilities along rivers means these areas miss out on attracting tourists. Incompatible uses such as polluting industries and unauthorized constructions not only affect water quality but also impact natural beauty. This research seeks to provide solutions for organizing riverbank land uses and developing sustainable tourism in Noor, aiming to introduce the city as a tourist destination with a sustainable development approach and improve living conditions for residents. Methodology The research method used in this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and field research. The statistical population consisted of two groups: citizens and experts. For citizens, 379 questionnaires were distributed, and for experts, 30 questionnaires were distributed. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, one-sample t-test, and Friedman test, were conducted using SPSS software. Additionally, GIS software was used for map analysis. Finally, the meta-synthesis technique was employed to review the current situation and provide solutions. Results and discussion To evaluate the status of criteria for organizing land uses around the rivers in Noor, seven criteria were used: recreational and welfare facilities, physical infrastructure, economic aspects, environmental issues, institutional and legal support, security and protection, and public participation. The mean values of these criteria were 2.615, 3.106, 2.778, 2.854, 2.764, 3.088, and 2.450, respectively, indicating that physical infrastructure and security are in better conditions. For sustainable tourism development, four criteria were examined: physical, environmental, social, and economic, with mean values of 3.042, 2.862, 2.936, and 3.090, respectively. Economic and physical criteria were found to be in better conditions. The t-test results showed that recreational facilities, economic aspects, environmental issues, institutional support, and public participation have deficiencies and do not effectively influence land use organization. In contrast, physical infrastructure and security have suitable capabilities and positive impacts. Furthermore, the correlation between land use organization criteria was analyzed using the Pearson test, revealing strong positive correlations among these variables. Prioritization of criteria indicated that physical infrastructure ranks first, while for sustainable tourism development, the economic criterion is prioritized. Conclusion Analyzing the organization of riverbank land uses for sustainable tourism development can lead to diverse outcomes. Organizing public and green spaces along rivers increases tourist attraction by offering beautiful natural scenery and recreational facilities, drawing tourists and enhancing their experience. These spaces, with proper design, not only improve tourist satisfaction but also play a crucial role in shaping the city's identity. Environmental protection is another benefit, as it helps prevent habitat destruction, reduce pollution, and conserve water resources, contributing to sustainable development. These efforts not only preserve the rich and beautiful environment of rivers but also serve as a natural asset for future generations. Attracting tourists and increasing tourism activities create new economic opportunities for local residents and businesses, improving living conditions. This economic development can lead to job creation in various tourism sectors, such as hospitality, restaurants, and tourism services, contributing to the city's economic and social growth. Ultimately, organizing riverbank land uses can strengthen the city's spatial identity, increase its recognition among tourists and residents, and transform it into a unique destination. This identity-building not only helps the city stand out among others but also acts as a significant factor in attracting investment and promoting sustainable development. Evaluating the sustainability of riverbanks is a crucial process for maintaining environmental health and natural resources. This process involves examining various factors such as climate change, human activities, shoreline erosion, and the impacts of pollution and waste on riverbanks. To assess sustainability, different factors are identified, and their effects on riverbanks are analyzed. Then, appropriate strategies are determined to maintain and improve riverbank sustainability. This includes using modern technologies to control erosion, protect biodiversity, manage water resources, and control environmental pollution. Operational plans for implementing these strategies should be developed by local and government authorities to continuously maintain riverbank sustainability and prevent damage from human activities. Organizing and locating land uses along riverbanks is a critical and sensitive issue that requires precise and coordinated planning. This process involves designating different areas such as protected zones, recreational areas, industrial and commercial zones. Permitted and prohibited uses in each area must be specified, and public participation in decision-making should be considered. Preserving biodiversity and providing public services are also essential principles in this process. The connection between organizing land uses along riverbanks and sustainable tourism development is very important and can contribute to preserving natural resources, enhancing tourist experiences, promoting local economic development, and preserving local culture and heritage. Organizing land uses along riverbanks helps maintain and care for the natural resources of the area, which improves sustainable tourism and benefits from these resources. By organizing land uses along riverbanks, better facilities and services are provided for tourists, increasing their experience and satisfaction and attracting more visitors. This strengthens local economies and enables sustainable development in the region. Additionally, organizing land uses along riverbanks preserves the cultural and historical context of the area, showcasing it to tourists and increasing awareness and respect for local culture and heritage. بسیاری از شهرهای بزرگ جهان در کنار رودخانه‌ها شکل گرفته‌اند و حریم رودخانه‌ها امکانات منحصربه‌فردی را برای شهروندان فراهم کرده‌اند. اما در ایران، این موهبت طبیعی نادیده گرفته شده و با چالش‌های اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی همراه شده‌است. شهر نور در استان مازندران و در سواحل جنوبی دریای خزر واقع شده و دارای رودخانه‌هایی با رژیم دائمی است که از میان بافت‌های شهری عبور می‌کنند، اما آن‌طور که باید به این موضوع توجه نشده و کناره رودخانه‌ها با پتانسیل بالا برای زیباسازی و بهبود منظر شهری، بلااستفاده مانده و منظری نازیبا را به نمایش گذاشته‌است. این پژوهش به تحلیل ساماندهی کاربری‌های حاشیه رودخانه‌های شهر نور می‌پردازد تا گردشگری شهر نور در راستای پایداری قرارگرفته و در مسیر توسعه پایدار گام بردارد. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی و میدانی و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه است. جامعه آماری شامل شهروندان (379 پرسشنامه) و متخصصان (30 پرسشنامه) است. از تحلیل‌های آماری، آزمون همبستگی پیرسون، تی تک‌نمونه‌ای و فریدمن در SPSS و از نرم‌افزار GIS برای تحلیل نقشه‌ها استفاده شد. برای بررسی وضع موجود و ارائه راهکارها از تکنیک متاسوآت بهره گرفته شد. اولویت‌بندی معیارهای ساماندهی کاربری‌ها نشان داد که این معیارها به ترتیب اولویت شامل کالبد و زیرساخت‌ها، امنیت و حفاظت، محیط زیست، مباحث اقتصادی، حمایت نهادی و قانونی، امکانات رفاهی و تفریحی، و مشارکت عمومی بوده و همچنین، معیارهای گردشگری پایدار در حاشیه رودخانه‌های شهر نور به ترتیب اهمیت شامل اقتصادی، کالبدی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی هستند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721099_7ac0e221f055e17997b38fc5c36aaf09.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Application of artificial intelligence in parametric sustainable urban design کاربست هوش مصنوعی در طراحی شهری پایدار پارامتریک 22 38 721144 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2034654.1117 FA علیرضا منوچهری گروه تخصصی شهرسازی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0009-0006-6639-3216 حسین ذبیحی گروه تخصصی شهرسازی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-6593-9674 زهرا سادات سعیده زرآبادی گروه تخصصی شهرسازی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3757-2809 Journal Article 2024 07 06 Extended abstract Background and purpose: Cities are like living and ever-changing organisms, they have a complex geometry, and the urban society is faced with newer and more complex issues day by day. Traditional urban design processes lack the necessary flexibility to deal with urban complexities. Therefore, to produce designs with high flexibility and responsiveness, design methods are needed that can produce different solutions and make the designer aware of the consequences of decisions at each stage and create a cycle of feedback. In this case, design will be a system of solutions for a problem. Recent developments in urban societies such as epidemics, wars, economic disturbances, lack of access and shortage of sustainable and renewable resources and many other factors are the challenges that cities always face. In this regard, urban planners and designers can take effective steps to achieve sustainable cities by benefiting from past experiences and new tools. In this regard, it is important to use the artificial neural network algorithm in the simulation of sustainable urban design parameters, as one of the most widely used artificial intelligence algorithms, due to its ability to calculate quickly and with high accuracy based on the observations of software simulation. This issue becomes important in problems where parametric simulation is possible, but the calculation time is very long, and the calculated function of the artificial neural network can perform the desired calculations with high accuracy and in a short time. Investigation method: The present research is a developmental research in the context of quantitative-qualitative analysis, because by using the theoretical foundations of the subject, it studies the improvement of the quality of the environment in the formulation of the parametric urban design model and finds the optimal solutions in the context of intelligence. provides artificial In this applied-developmental research, using sustainable development indicators collected from various sources in cultural-social, institutional-management, environmental, economic and physical dimensions and using new tools of artificial intelligence, the field of urban design model compilation Parametric stability is provided. In this way, the indicators of the sustainable city have been calculated by systematic analysis method. Then, the aforementioned indicators have been parametrically evaluated in the category of qualities expected from all types of urban spaces by content analysis method. In this regard, in order to measure each of the variables, a number of items and questions have been compiled, and the total of additional items and questions form the structure of the studies in the context of the interview, based on which the urban design variables have been parametric. The way to answer the questions and issues has been to refer to the experts in the field of urban design, and in the next step, artificial intelligence, through learning from past experiences and mathematical calculations, will model urban spaces on the basis of the artificial neural network (ANN) structure as described; Pattern classification, clustering, function estimation, prediction, optimization, associative memory and control in management have been discussed. Findings: The results obtained from the definition and explanation of the proposed algorithm show that in this way artificial intelligence accelerates the way to reach the goals by appropriate action and compatible with the complexities of the environment and through learning from past experiences and mathematical calculations. , even in the lack of knowledge and insufficient information resources, it has the ability to maximize the success of solving problems, which is one of the most important goals of research. In this regard, first, the training data set is prepared through rule-based processes, and then, using the data-driven process, three artificial neural networks are trained and three separate fitting functions are approximated for them. These functions are set based on three different structures of artificial neural networks. At the end, by comparing the error rate of each model, the predicted values are also examined and the influence of the neural network structure in the obtained answers is analyzed. Discussion and conclusion: based on the results of the research, the model presented in this research can be generalized to other similar problems of predicting the parameters of sustainable urban design, and there are two basic applications for these models. First, it creates the possibility of accurate calculation without the need for heavy calculations, and secondly, in complex simulations, by having independent and dependent parameters and without the need to study the governing rules, it has the ability to estimate the function. can predict the desired stability parameter with high accuracy. Keywords: artificial intelligence, urban design, parametric urban design, urban context. شهرها همواره در حال تغییر، دارای هندسه‌ی پیچیده‌ای می‌باشند و جامعه شهری با مسائل جدیدتر مواجه می‌شود. فرآیندهای طراحی شهری سنتی فاقد انعطاف پذیری لازم برای سر و کار داشتن با پیچیدگی های شهری می باشند. بنابراین برای تولید طرح هایی با انعطاف پذیری بالا و پاسخده، روش های طراحی مورد نیاز است که راهکارهای متفاوتی را تولید نماید و طراح را در هر مرحله از عواقب تصمیمات خودآگاه کند و چرخه ای از بازخوردها ایجاد کند. در این راستا استفاده از الگوریتم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی در شبیه‌سازی پارامترهای طراحی شهری پایدار، به عنوان یکی از پرکاربردترین الگوریتم‌های هوش مصنوعی، از جهت قابلیت محاسبه سریع و با دقت بالا بر اساس مشاهدات شبیه‌سازی نرم‌افزاری حائز اهمیت است. در این پژوهش کاربردی – توسعه‌ای با استفاده از شاخص‌های توسعه پایدار گرداوری شده از منابع مختلف در ابعاد فرهنگی ـ اجتماعی، نهادی ـ مدیریتی، زیست محیطی، اقتصادی و کالبدی و استفاده از ابزار نوین هوش مصنوعی، زمینه تدوین الگوی طراحی شهری پایدار پارامتریک فراهم گردیده است. در این مسیر ابتدا به روش تحلیل سیستماتیک شاخصهای شهر پایدار احصاء گردیده است. سپس شاخص‌های مزبور در دسته بندی کیفیتهای مورد انتظار از انواع فضاهای شهری به روش تحلیل محتوا ارزش‌گذاری پارامتریک گردیده‌اند و در گام بعدی هوش مصنوعی در بستر ساختار شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) مدلسازی گردیده است. مبتنی بر نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، مدل ارائه شده این پژوهش قابلیت تعمیم پذیری به سایر مسأله‌های مشابه پیش‌بینی پارامترهای طراحی شهری پایدار را دارد و می‌تواند پارامتر پایداری مدنظر را با دقت بالا پیش-بینی کند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721144_cd1a171248d0c2fc4527a31a5f570483.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Challenges of Ensuring Cybersecurity in the Legal Systems of Iran and Iraq چالشهای تضمین امنیت سایبری در نظام حقوقی ایران و عراق 39 56 721251 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2047872.1150 FA گلینه خلیل حسن دانشجوی دکترا حقوق عمومی، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد ، ایران مسعود راعی استاد گروه حقوق، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد ، ایران 0000-0002-0494-5058 علیرضا انصاری مهیاری استادیار گروه حقوق، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد ، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 10 Introduction Cybersecurity, as one of the most important issues in today's digital world, refers to a set of measures, technologies, and processes that aim to protect information systems, networks, and data from cyber threats and unauthorized access. Given the rapid growth of information and communication technologies and the increase in cyber threats, cybersecurity has become one of the major challenges in various countries, especially Iran and Iraq. This study examines the challenges of ensuring cybersecurity in the legal systems of these two countries, and its findings have shown the existing shortcomings and issues. Methodology <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical. In this study, special attention has been paid to the formulation and effectiveness of existing laws, regulatory structure, and public education. Accurate recognition of the challenges and weaknesses of this area can help clarify the legal and executive needs to improve the current situation. Results and discussion According to the results of this study, the first major challenge was the lack of a comprehensive and effective legal framework to combat cyber threats. Although a computer crime law was passed in Iran, this law failed to cover all new threats such as advanced cyber attacks. On the other hand, Iraq was unable to formulate appropriate laws in this field due to political and economic crises, which has jeopardized cybersecurity in this country. The second challenge was the lack of internal coordination and cooperation among government and private institutions. In Iran, the multiplicity of relevant institutions and their overlapping duties have caused delays in responding to cyber threats. In Iraq, structural weaknesses and lack of resources have prevented effective cooperation and led to further problems in cybersecurity. In addition, the findings showed that external cyber threats exist as a serious challenge in both countries. Iran faces cyber attacks from malicious groups and international competitors, and Iraq is under constant threats due to the presence of terrorist groups. Other key challenges include weak technical infrastructure and a lack of skilled cybersecurity personnel. Both countries need specialized training in this area to increase their capabilities against cyber threats. Conclusion The present study showed that cybersecurity challenges in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq significantly affect the performance and response of these countries to cyber threats. Legal shortcomings, lack of coordination between different institutions, and lack of resources and technical infrastructure have always been serious obstacles in this direction. According to the findings, it seems that fundamental reforms in legal frameworks and strengthening international and regional cooperation are necessary to effectively confront cyber threats. At the same time, implementing specialized training programs and investing in cybersecurity infrastructure are of particular importance as key strategies to increase capabilities and improve responsiveness to cyber attacks. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to create an integrated and coordinated approach to strengthen cybersecurity in both countries, so that effective and constructive measures can be taken against persistent and growing global threats. Overall, paying attention to national and international needs in the field of cybersecurity can help maintain the integrity of data and critical infrastructure in Iran and Iraq. Keywords: Cyber Threats, Cyber Crimes, Ensuring Cybersecurity, Iranian law, Iraqi law. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در سال‌های اخیر، با پیشرفت‌های چشمگیر در فناوری‌های دیجیتال و افزایش وابستگی به فضای مجازی، چالش‌های جدیدی در زمینه تضمین امنیت سایبری در کشورها به وجود آمد. نظام‌های حقوقی ایران و عراق نیز در مواجهه با تهدیدات سایبری با مشکلات عدیده‌ای روبه‌رو بودند. در هر دو کشور، فقدان چارچوب قانونی جامع و مناسب برای مقابله با حملات سایبری به‌عنوان یکی از بزرگ‌ترین چالش‌ها مطرح بود. در ایران، علی‌رغم تصویب قانون جرایم رایانه‌ای ، این کشور همچنان با کمبود چارچوب قانونی جامع برای مقابله با تهدیدات سایبری پیچیده و پیشرفته مواجه بود. بسیاری از ابعاد امنیت سایبری، از جمله محافظت از داده‌های شخصی، مقابله با حملات سایبری بین‌المللی و همچنین واکنش سریع به بحران‌های سایبری به‌طور مؤثر در نظام حقوقی ایران پیش‌بینی نشده بود. در عراق نیز، به دلیل بحران‌های سیاسی و اقتصادی و ناتوانی در ساختارهای زیرساختی، تلاش‌های این کشور در جهت ایجاد یک سیستم امنیتی سایبری یکپارچه و مؤثر به موفقیت چشمگیری نرسید. بهعلاوه ، نبود هماهنگی میان دستگاه‌های دولتی و عدم همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی، باعث شد که عراق در برابر تهدیدات سایبری جهانی و منطقه‌ای آسیب‌پذیر باقی بماند. روش پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی، می باشد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که ایجاد همکاری‌های بین‌المللی و منطقه‌ای در حوزه امنیت سایبری، به‌عنوان راهکارهای مؤثر برای بهبود وضعیت امنیت سایبری در این دو کشور پیشنهاد می شود. در صورتی که ایران و عراق به اصلاحات حقوقی و تقویت زیرساخت‌های امنیت سایبری توجه بیشتری داشته باشند، قادر خواهند بود تا با تهدیدات سایبری به‌طور مؤثری مقابله کنند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721251_9f5a4634aa1c3cdd3297b203fb971541.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Physical Development Analysis in the Historic Fabric of Baba Qasem, Isfahan, with a Development-Driven Infill Approach تحلیل توسعۀ کالبدی در بافت تاریخی باباقاسم اصفهان با رویکرد میان‌افزای محرک توسعه 57 81 721627 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2041251.1131 FA هژبر دباغ هیئت علمی، گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر 75169، ایران. 0009-0002-9883-2050 علی قریشوندی آبراکی دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران 0009-0003-5072-4613 علی توبچی ثانی دکتری، رشته شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-6731-9679 آتوسا حسنی پژوهشگر دورۀ دکتری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-7560-3477 Journal Article 2024 09 17 Introduction Urban development is a necessary process, but it is essential to implement policies that include revitalizing historical contexts. Contemporary urban strategies emphasize development-driven initiatives to enhance transformation in these areas, focusing on physical-environmental and socio-economic revitalization. Isfahan, like many other cities, must address the revitalization of its historical context, an issue that has garnered significant attention from specialists and experts. Authorities have initiated several projects in the city's historical neighborhoods. This research evaluates three design projects in Isfahan’s historical district of Baba Qasem: the "Urban Space Expansion Plan of Agha Noor Mosque," "Saheh Shahshahan," and "Saheh Amin." The study employs the concepts of "infill development" to respect the existing context and "development-driven initiatives" for revitalization. The research team defines the key concepts of "infill development" and "development-driven initiatives," providing both theoretical and conceptual frameworks. The study then assesses the integration of these concepts into the selected plans, focusing on physical aspects and the extent to which the designers have considered relevant indicators. Methodology This applied research utilizes a mixed-method approach for data collection.In quantitative part, a 19-question questionnaire was developed for each of the three projects, focusing on the "physical dimension of development-driven infill design." The sample was drawn from universities with restoration programs, as listed in the 2024 graduate admission guide, including Shahid Beheshti, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tabriz Art University, Isfahan Art University, Tehran Art University, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Tehran University, and Kerman Bahonar University. Faculty emails were collected, yielding a list of 32 active restoration professors. Using Cochran's formula with a 0.05 confidence level, a sample size of 30 was determined. A Likert scale questionnaire was used, with responses ranging from "very low" to "very high," scored from 1 to 5. Of the 32 faculty members, 29 completed the questionnaire. Content validity was established by having the questions reviewed by 10 academic experts, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which showed acceptable internal consistency with values exceeding 0.7 for all variables. In qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional designers to deepen and complement the quantitative findings. Results and discussion The study assesses the adherence of approved projects in the Baba Qasem historical area to the physical indicators of development-driven infill design using a one-sample t-test. The questionnaire, rated on a 5-point Likert scale, was compared to a midpoint score of 3. Descriptive statistics indicate whether the mean scores are above or below 3, but inferential statistics are needed for confirmation. At a 95% confidence level, t-test results show that attention to form, materials and details, scale, natural elements, skyline, and building façades in the approved projects is satisfactory. To compare the means of the three projects—Saheh Shahshahan, Agha Noor Mosque Urban Space Development, and Saheh Amin—the one-way ANOVA test was employed. This test divides variance into between-group and within-group categories. A p-value greater than 0.05 indicates no significant differences between group means, while p-values less than 0.05 signal significant differences, necessitating post-hoc tests. ANOVA results reveal no significant differences in form, materials and details, scale, and building façades across the three projects, as p-values exceed 0.05. However, significant differences were found in natural elements and skyline, with post-hoc tests showing notable variations between Saheh Shahshahan and the other projects. Tukey's test results indicate significant differences in mean scores for natural elements and skyline between Saheh Shahshahan and Saheh Amin, as well as between Saheh Shahshahan and the Agha Noor Mosque project. In this study, semi-structured interviews with 10 experienced designers were conducted to complement the quantitative analysis. These designers, with extensive experience in infill design within historical contexts, discussed the challenges, opportunities, and strengths of development projects in the historical fabric of Baba Qasem, Isfahan. The interviews revealed key insights, including the need for better integration with the historical context, attention to human scale and residents' needs, addressing challenges related to skyline and building height, the importance of green spaces, and increasing local community participation in the design process. Conclusion The results of this study, based on quantitative and qualitative analyses, highlight the increasing importance of infill projects in preserving and revitalizing historical urban contexts as Isfahan grows. In the historical Baba Qasem district, three infill development projects have been approved and are being implemented. These projects serve as models provided by relevant authorities, offering valuable insights into physical design criteria for similar initiatives in historical contexts. The quantitative analysis indicates that the physical criteria of these projects have been satisfactorily met, with no significant differences among them. The consistency in design elements such as form, materials, scale, and façade lines suggests these features can guide future projects in the historical Baba Qasem context. On the other hand, qualitative analysis, based on interviews with professional designers, revealed some challenges, including a lack of green spaces and insufficient harmony with the skyline in certain projects. Additionally, the limited involvement of local residents in the early design stages was noted as a major drawback, potentially affecting the acceptance and success of the projects. Based on these findings, several recommendations are made: greater emphasis on green spaces and nature, better skyline integration, increased local resident participation, the development of design guidelines tailored to historical contexts, and regular post-implementation evaluations to gather feedback for ongoing improvement. با گسترش روزافزون کلان‌شهرها، حفظ بافت‌های تاریخی به یکی از اولویت‌های اساس تبدیل شده است. یکی از رویکردهای نوین در این حوزه، «طراحی میان‌افزای محرک توسعه» است که هدف آن تسریع و تسهیل فرآیند تحولات شهری در بافت‌های تاریخی می‌باشد. شهر اصفهان، با دارا بودن بافت تاریخی گسترده، نمونه‌ای برجسته برای بررسی این رویکرد به شمار می‌آید. این پژوهش، به‌منظور پاسخ به دو پرسش اصلی طراحی شده است. در این راستا، سه طرح میان‌افزا با عناوین «توسعه فضای شهری مسجد آقانور»، «صحۀ شهشهان» و «صحۀ امین» که در مرحله اجرا هستند، مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‌اند. این پژوهش از روش ترکیبی بهره می‌گیرد؛ بخش کمی شامل تحلیل آماری پرسش‌نامه‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار اس.پی.اس.اس. و آزمون‌های تی‌تست و آنووا بوده و بخش کیفی بر اساس مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 10 طراح حرفه‌مند حوزه میان‌افزا انجام شده است. تحلیل داده‌های کیفی با کمک نرم‌افزار اطلس‌تی.‌آی9 صورت گرفته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که طرح‌های میان‌افزای محرک توسعه در بافت تاریخی باباقاسم از منظر معیارهای کالبدی نظیر فرم، مصالح، جزئیات، مقیاس و خطوط نما به‌طور مطلوب طراحی شده و قابلیت الگوبرداری برای سایر طرح‌ها در بافت‌های تاریخی را دارند. بااین‌حال، چالش‌هایی نظیر کمبود فضای سبز، عدم هماهنگی کامل با خط آسمان و مشارکت ناکافی ساکنان محلی در فرآیند طراحی به‌عنوان نقاط ضعف این طرح‌ها شناسایی شده‌اند. این پژوهش، با تأکید بر ضرورت پرداختن به این چالش‌ها، پیشنهادهایی مانند افزایش مشارکت جامعه محلی، تقویت توجه به عناصر طبیعی و تدوین اسناد هدایت طراحی را برای ارتقای کیفیت طرح‌های توسعه در بافت‌های تاریخی ارائه می‌دهد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721627_8af9cc202c37cbd83db6c81ee8d9ba9b.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Securing urban and rural spatial structures against crime during flood events: A case study of the 2019 flood in Khuzestan ایمن سازی فضای کالبد شهری و روستایی در برابر بزهکاری زمان وقوع سیل با مطالعه موردی سیل 1398 خوزستان 82 99 721961 10.22034/ispdrc.2024.2041964.1134 FA سجاد باقری دانشجوی دکتری، حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، پردیس بین‌المللی ارس، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0009-0004-0214-5518 سیدمحمود میرخلیلی استاد، گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران. محمدحسین زارعی استادیار، گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران. حسن عالی‌پور استادیار، گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران 0009-0004-0214-5518 Journal Article 2024 09 25 The opportunity to commit a crime in the present era is one of the most important factors for committing a crime, which facilitates the occurrence of a crime in a critical situation, one of the critical conditions that occurs in most countries in the current era, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and facilitates some crimes. There is a flood that occurred in April 2018 due to weather changes and heavy rains, many parts of the country were flooded. showed that the lack of safety of the urban and rural physical space under these conditions doubles the occurrence of delinquency; therefore, in this research, the author in this research, using the descriptive-analytical and questionnaire method, and using the CPTED model, secures the urban and rural physical space against delinquency during floods. With a case study, the flood of 2018 in Khuzestan has been discussed and investigated, and the results of the research indicate that: the way of construction of dilapidated structures, lack of presence of officials, physical disorder, lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model. lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model. The opportunity to commit a crime in the present era is one of the most important factors for committing a crime, which facilitates the occurrence of a crime in a critical situation, one of the critical conditions that occurs in most countries in the current era, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and facilitates some crimes. There is a flood that occurred in April 2018 due to weather changes and heavy rains, many parts of the country were flooded. showed that the lack of safety of the urban and rural physical space under these conditions doubles the occurrence of delinquency; therefore, in this research, the author in this research, using the descriptive-analytical and questionnaire method, and using the CPTED model, secures the urban and rural physical space against delinquency during floods. With a case study, the flood of 2018 in Khuzestan has been discussed and investigated, and the results of the research indicate that: the way of construction of dilapidated structures, lack of presence of officials, physical disorder, lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model. lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be فرصت بزهکاری در عصر حاضر یکی از مهم‌ترین عامل برای ارتکاب بزه است که زمینه را برای وقوع بزه در شرایط بحرانی تسهیل می‌نماید یکی از شرایط بحرانی که در عصر حاضر در اکثر کشورها به خصوص کشور جمهوری اسلامی ایران اتفاق می‌افتد و موجب تسهیل برخی از جرائم می‌شود وقوع سیل است که در فروردین‌ماه 1398 به دلیل تغییرات جوی و بارش‌های سنگین، بسیاری از نقاط کشور را سیل فراگرفت، که این حادثه علاوه بر اینکه اثرات مخربی بر روی جامعه و افراد جامعه گذاشت، زمینه را برای وقوع برخی از جرایم در آن شرایط تسهیل نمود که عدم ایمنی فضای کالبدی شهری و روستایی در این شرایط زمینه وقوع بزه را دو چندان می‌نماید لذا نگارنده در تحقیق حاضر با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و پرسش‌نامه‌ای و با استفاده از مدل CPTED ایمن سازی فضای کالبد شهری و روستایی در برابر بزهکاری زمان سیل را با مطالعه موردی سیل 1398 خوزستان مورد بحث و بررسی قرار داده است و نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آنست که: نحوه ساخت و ساز بافت‌های فرسوده، عدم حضور مأمور، بی‌نظمی فیزیکی، فقدان امکانات شهری و روستایی از مهم‌ترین عامل مؤثر بر وقوع بزهکاری زمان وقوع سیل 1398 استان خوزستان است که با استفاده از مدل CPTED می‌توان آن زمینه‌های وقوع تسهیل را از بین برد

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721961_2b5f02c7d9467d4b0b4b45b7db86e98c.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 A self-sufficient military hospital with a non-operating defense approach in Mazandaran province بیمارستان نظامی( خودبسنده )با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل در استان مازندران 100 114 722729 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2050351.1153 FA عبدالله ابراهیمی گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی و علوم پایه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ساری، ساری، ایران. 0000-0001-8887-1959 رامتین رکوعی گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی و علوم پایه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ساری، ساری، ایران. 0009-0000-4418-5922 Journal Article 2025 01 10 This research explores the design of self-sustaining military hospitals with a focus on passive defense principles, specifically in the context of Mazandaran Province, Iran. The unique geographical location of Mazandaran, combined with its susceptibility to various natural disasters and potential military threats, makes it an ideal region for studying the design of resilient, self-sustaining medical infrastructures. Military hospitals play a crucial role in maintaining the health and safety of the population during periods of crisis, and therefore, their design must ensure continued functionality even under extreme conditions. This study aims to investigate how self-sustaining features, combined with passive defense strategies, can be effectively integrated into the architectural design of military hospitals, ensuring that they remain operational in the face of natural and man-made threats, including warfare, earthquakes, and other disasters. The research objectives are threefold: (1) to analyze the architectural design principles necessary for creating self-sustaining military hospitals, (2) to assess the role of passive defense in enhancing the resilience and operational continuity of these hospitals, and (3) to identify practical guidelines for implementing such designs in regions vulnerable to various forms of disruption. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilizing both document analysis and field studies. Data were collected through a comprehensive review of existing literature, analysis of architectural blueprints from similar hospitals, and interviews with experts in the fields of military architecture, disaster management, and passive defense. The findings suggest that incorporating self-sustaining features such as renewable energy systems, water storage, and the use of sustainable materials significantly improves the hospital's ability to remain functional during prolonged disruptions. The integration of passive defense principles—designed to reduce vulnerability to attacks, natural disasters, and other threats—also plays a pivotal role in ensuring the hospital’s durability and ability to function in high-risk environments. Key elements of self-sustaining design include the use of solar panels, wind energy systems, and emergency backup power sources, as well as the incorporation of rainwater harvesting systems and the use of resilient building materials that can withstand earthquakes, bomb attacks, and other potential threats. Another important finding of this research is the strategic importance of hospital location and site selection. Hospitals must be situated in areas that are not only safe from direct threats but also easily accessible during emergencies. This study emphasizes the need for location planning that takes into account both physical security (such as distance from potential attack zones) and operational efficiency (such as proximity to transportation networks, utilities, and local resources). Moreover, the research highlights the potential benefits of using local materials and resources to support the hospital's construction and daily operations. This approach not only reduces dependency on external supply chains but also strengthens the local economy and ensures that the hospital can continue functioning even if traditional supply lines are disrupted. The integration of passive defense strategies into the design of military hospitals involves a range of considerations, including structural fortifications, access control measures, and design elements that allow the hospital to continue functioning under attack or after a natural disaster. The use of blast-resistant materials, fortified walls, and other protective design elements ensures that the hospital can withstand physical threats. Additionally, careful consideration must be given to the layout and design of internal spaces to facilitate the quick and efficient treatment of patients in an emergency, while also ensuring that the hospital remains operational under challenging circumstances. Through a comparative analysis of international case studies and local examples, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of these design strategies in enhancing the resilience and sustainability of military hospitals. The research also outlines the practical challenges and limitations faced by architects and planners when designing such facilities, including budget constraints, local building codes, and the availability of materials. Despite these challenges, the research concludes that integrating self-sustaining features and passive defense principles into military hospital designs is not only feasible but essential for ensuring the hospital’s long-term viability and operational capacity in times of crisis. The findings of this research have broader implications for the design and planning of other critical infrastructure projects, particularly in regions prone to natural disasters, political instability, or military conflict. The study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how self-sustaining, resilient hospital designs can be developed and implemented in a wide range of contexts. The research also calls for the establishment of clear guidelines and standards for the integration of passive defense principles in hospital design, with a focus on enhancing both the operational continuity and safety of medical facilities in crisis situations. In conclusion, the research underscores the critical need for innovative and resilient designs for military hospitals, particularly in regions with high vulnerability to both natural and man-made threats. By focusing on self-sustaining design and passive defense, this study provides valuable insights into how military hospitals can be better prepared to continue their essential functions during times of crisis. The results of this research can serve as a model for the development of other vital infrastructures, helping to ensure their survival and functionality in the most extreme conditions. پدافند غیرعامل شامل تدابیری است که بدون استفاده از تجهیزات نظامی، به کاهش خسارات و تقویت تاب‌آوری زیرساخت‌های حیاتی می‌پردازد. با توجه به موقعیت استراتژیک ایران و تهدیدات مداوم، طراحی بیمارستان نظامی با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل در مناطق حساس مانند استان مازندران اهمیت بالایی دارد. این پژوهش به طراحی بیمارستان نظامی خودبسنده در شهرستان ساری با ظرفیت 100 تخت عادی و قابلیت ارتقا به 500 تخت در شرایط بحرانی پرداخته است. هدف اصلی تحقیق، ایجاد بیمارستانی مستقل در تولید و تأمین منابع حیاتی مانند انرژی، آب و غذا است که بتواند در شرایط بحرانی خدمات درمانی را بدون وقفه ارائه دهد. طراحی این بیمارستان بر اساس اصول هفت‌گانه پدافند غیرعامل شامل استتار، اختفا، پوشش، فریب، تفرقه، مقاوم‌سازی و اعلام خطر صورت گرفته است. همچنین، مکان‌یابی مناسب و استفاده از طراحی بهینه سازه‌ها و فضاهای داخلی برای کاهش آسیب‌های ناشی از بلایای طبیعی و حملات، از دیگر محورهای مورد توجه بوده است. روش تحقیق شامل بررسی منابع کتابخانه‌ای، مطالعات میدانی و تحلیل نمونه‌های مشابه است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که استفاده از رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل و طراحی سیستم‌های خودبسنده، به‌طور مؤثری امنیت، پایداری و عملکرد بیمارستان را در بحران‌ها تضمین می‌کند. این مدل طراحی نه تنها در استان مازندران بلکه در سایر مناطق کشور و در سطح بین‌المللی قابل‌استفاده بوده و به ارتقای امنیت ملی و تداوم خدمات درمانی کمک شایانی می‌کند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_722729_1ae67b05e0555fd32ed0c0a34c09e70e.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 The role of urban planners in the design of smart urban systems by using the internet of things to strengthen passive defense نقش شهرسازان در طراحی سیستم‌های هوشمند شهری با بهره گیری از اینترنت اشیا برای تقویت پدافند غیرعامل 115 131 732833 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2047192.1148 FA احسان داورپناه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بین المللی ارس، تبریز، ایران. بهناز امین نیری شهرسازی،دانشکده هنر و معماری،دانشگاه آزاد واحد بین الملل ارس 0000-0002-7596-2736 صالحه زاور پردیس شهید بهشتی ، دانشگاه فرهنگیان هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران. Journal Article 2024 12 01 Modern cities face rapid growth and increasing complexities that demand innovative approaches for infrastructure management and urban security. Passive defense has emerged as a critical strategy to mitigate vulnerabilities and enhance urban resilience. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) presents advanced tools and capabilities to manage urban crises and threats effectively. Urban planners play a pivotal role in this process by designing resilient infrastructures capable of leveraging IoT technologies while minimizing associated risks.The IoT connects and coordinates various devices and systems, offering unparalleled potential to improve urban functionality. Its application in passive defense can significantly bolster urban crisis management and performance. Given the dynamic nature of urban environments, urban planners must adopt IoT-driven strategies to strengthen passive defense. By integrating smart IoT-based systems, planners can enhance resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and improve urban security and sustainability. This integration encompasses the design of robust infrastructures, the implementation of monitoring systems, and the prediction of emergency scenarios, thereby advancing urban security and sustainability (Tang et al. ,2024) Moreover, as cities expand, the interconnected nature of urban infrastructure becomes more complex, increasing the potential for cascading failures during crises. Passive defense strategies supported by IoT technologies can help break these chains of vulnerability, allowing for better-prepared and adaptive urban environments. Methodology In terms of nature, the present research method is considered as mixed research (quantitative-qualitative) and in terms of purpose, it is considered as applied research.The present research approach is quantitative and qualitative. First, by using MAXQDA analytical software, secondary, central and selective codes were extracted to identify the factors affecting the role of urban planners in the design of smart urban systems using the Internet of Things to strengthen non-agent defense.The statistical population of the current research included specialists and experts in the field of urban planning and urban planning, including university professors, urban planning consultants, doctoral students in urban planning and urban planning, experts and municipal managers, etc.Sampling was selective and by snowball sampling method. The sample size was 40 people until scientific saturation. Document analysis is a systematic process of reviewing and evaluating documents (both printed and electronic).In this research, the descriptive level included qualitative and quantitative data descriptions. Regarding the qualitative data, the descriptions were derived from retelling and quoting the texts and final writings. In addition, the descriptive level of the analysis included the description of the main features of the data, summarizing the methodology, logic of the analysis and the results of the articles, books, plans, etc. Results and discussion The IoT empowers urban planners to improve resilience and reduce vulnerabilities to diverse crises and threats. By providing real-time and accurate data on urban conditions, the IoT facilitates crisis prediction and management, significantly enhancing urban security and functionality (Gkontzis et al., 2024). However, the successful integration of IoT in urban systems requires addressing several critical aspects, including: 1. Infrastructure Design: Smart city planning necessitates the development of robust, adaptive infrastructures that can integrate IoT technologies while withstanding environmental and human-made challenges. 2. Data Management: Effective utilization of IoT relies on accurate data collection, storage, and analysis. Urban planners must ensure that data systems are secure and accessible to facilitate informed decision-making. 3. Cybersecurity: As IoT devices are interconnected, they are susceptible to cyber threats. Robust cybersecurity measures are crucial to protect sensitive data and ensure the reliability of IoT systems. 4. Policy and Regulation: Governments and local authorities must establish policies and regulations to guide IoT implementation in urban planning, ensuring compliance with ethical, legal, and safety standards. 5. Collaboration and Training: Successful IoT integration requires collaboration among stakeholders, including urban planners, technologists, and policymakers. Training programs for urban planners are essential to build expertise in IoT-based systems. Singapore's example highlights the effectiveness of IoT in passive defense. The city's smart systems include real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automated response mechanisms, which have significantly improved urban resilience and security. Urban planners in Singapore have utilized IoT technologies to create interconnected systems that address various urban challenges, from traffic management to disaster preparedness. Additionally, Singapore's approach demonstrates the importance of integrating citizen engagement in IoT-based urban systems. By involving the public in the planning process and providing access to smart city technologies, urban resilience can be further enhanced. Such practices foster trust and cooperation between citizens and authorities, ensuring a collective effort in managing urban risks. The review of the research findings shows that by reviewing the specialized research literature, various things were identified, including adaptability, transparency, flexibility, realism, decentralized and participatory planning. (Optimization of resources and infrastructure using the Internet of Things in the field of water, energy and traffic---Predicting and managing crises with the Internet of Things in the field of earthquakes, floods and air pollution-- Improving urban security and resilience with the Internet of Things in the field of monitoring and response to threats), Realism, communication and coordination affect the realization of non-agent defense using artificial intelligence and Internet of Things with the role of urban planners. Finally, according to Yindi's rating of realism or 49., decentralized and participatory planning with 54., communication and systematization with 43. and flexibility 4. are among the most important items to strengthen non-agent defense. Conclusion The findings indicate that IoT plays a vital role in enhancing passive defense by offering advanced tools for resource management, crisis prediction, and urban security improvement. However, successful IoT implementation requires addressing technical, economic, and social challenges. Urban planners must design smart and efficient infrastructures while considering these challenges to maximize IOT capabilities. This study demonstrates how urban planners can utilize IoT technologies to improve urban resilience and security. IoT has revolutionized crisis management and threat mitigation by providing innovative tools and systems. However, its effective application demands careful planning, technical expertise, and collaboration among stakeholders. Urban planners have a unique opportunity to create cities that are not only smarter but also safer and more resilient. By addressing cybersecurity concerns, optimizing resource management, and ensuring inclusive policies, they can leverage the transformative potential of IoT technologies. با افزایش پیچیدگی‌ها و تهدیدات در محیط‌های شهری، استفاده از اینترنت اشیا به‌عنوان یک فناوری پیشرفته برای ارتقاء تاب‌آوری و امنیت شهری اهمیت فزاینده‌ای یافته است. در ابتدای این پژوهش مطالعه موردی شهر سنگاپور را به‌عنوان نمونه‌ای پیشرو در این حوزه مورد بررسی که هدف‌ از طرح‌ مسئله‌ مدنظر دستیابی‌ به‌ برنامه‌ای است‌ که‌ بتواند مسائل‌ را در سطوح‌ فراملی‌، ملی‌، منطقه‌ای و محلی‌ تشخیص‌ دهد و براساس‌ آن‌ هدف‌های لازم‌ را تدوین‌ کند. روش‌ تحقیق‌ حاضر به‌ لحاظ‌ ماهیت‌ ازجمله‌ تحقیقات‌ ترکیبی‌ و به‌ لحاظ‌ هدف‌ ازجمله‌ تحقیقات‌ کاربردی به‌ شمار می‌آید. در این‌ رویکرد ابتدا با استفاده‌ از نرم‌افزار تحلیلی‌ MAXQDA کدهای فرعی‌، محوری و گزینشی‌ برای شناسایی‌ عوامل‌ مؤثر بر نقش شهرسازان در طراحی و برنامه ریزی سیستم‌های هوشمند شهری با بهره گیری از اینترنت اشیا برای تقویت پدافند غیر عامل استخراج‌ شدند، سپس‌ با استفاده‌ از نرم‌افزار MAXQDA به‌ کدگذاری مطالب‌ اقدام‌ شد. در ادامه‌ برای اولویت‌بندی و رتبه‌بندی از مدل‌ تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره‌ تاپسیس‌ استفاده‌ شد. بررسی‌ یافته‌های پژوهش‌ نشان‌ می‌دهد که موارد مختلفی از جمله انطباق پذیری38.، شفافیت4.،انعطاف پذیری4. ،واقع گرایی49.،،برنامه ریزی غیرمتمرکز و مشارکت گرا54. (بهینه‌سازی منابع و زیرساخت‌ها ، پیش‌بینی و مدیریت بحران‌ها و ارتقاء امنیت و تاب‌آوری شهری)، ارتباط و نظام مهندی43. ‌بر تحقق پذیری پدافند غیر عامل تأثیرگذارند. باتوجه‌به‌ اهمیت‌ موضوع ایجاد شهرهای هوشمند، می‌توان گفت‌ که‌ لزوم بررسی‌ و توجه‌ همه‌جانبه‌ به‌ مدیریت‌ واحد بحرانهای شهرهای هوشمند باتوجه‌به‌ اصول و مبانی‌ پدافند غیرعامل‌، تأثیر بیشتری را در برقراری حفاظت‌، امنیت‌ و افزایش‌ توسعه‌ پایدار شهری دارد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732833_8be4fafff431ff79eb5ec20324ded960.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Spatial analysis and locating temporary accommodation site for crisis management after earthquake (Case study: Salmas Township) تحلیل فضایی و مکان‌یابی سایت اسکان موقت جهت مدیریت بحران پس از وقوع زلزله (نمونه موردی: شهرستان سلماس) 132 150 723189 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2031981.1112 FA میرنجف موسوی استاد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. 0000-0002-4814-5351 نیما بایرام‌زاده دانشجوی‌ دکتری برنامه‌ریزی آمایش سرزمین، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. 0000-0003-2013-4922 سجاد امیدوارفر دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی برنامه‌ریزی آمایش سرزمین، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. 0009-0008-6097-5535 مهدی صالحی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، استانداری قزوین، قزوین، ایران Journal Article 2024 06 11 Introduction Despite the extraordinary advances in technology and the achievement of the impossible in the past centuries, until now, humans are not safe from unexpected hazards in any part of the earth, and they constantly receive news from all over the earth about unfortunate hazards and natural disasters, So considering the history of earthquakes in Salmas township, this township needs the attention of urban planners to have a detailed planning before the crisis in order to manage the crisis optimally and reduce the time of creating a temporary accommodation after the earthquake in the right place, In this regard, the main purpose of the current research is the spatial analysis and Locating temporary accommodation site for crisis management after the earthquake in Salmas township. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. Data collection in this research has been done in library and field. In this research, to evaluate the level of vulnerability from two indicators of the number of earthquakes and active faults and for optimal location from 4 main criteria (natural, accessibility, functional and population) which includes distance from active faults, distance from roads and rivers, distance from fire stations, distance from access, distance from military centers, distance from healthcare centers, distance from gas transmission lines, distance from power lines, distance from residential centers, slope and elevation have been used. OPA, Spline, Line Density, Weighted Sum and Arc GIS software were used for data analysis. Data analysis in this research includes two parts, in the first part, the spatial analysis and vulnerability identification of Salmas township through the data of earthquakes occurred in Salmas township and active faults through Spline model for vulnerability interpolation and Line Density to identify the density of active faults are discussed. Finally, by overlapping through the Weighted Sum model, the vulnerable areas of Salmas township are clustered in 5 levels: very low, low, medium, high and very high. In the second part of the research, the most optimal area for temporary accommodation has been identified through the Weighted Sum model and based on the sub-criteria of the research. Results and discussion By examining the map of active faults and earthquakes that occurred in the study area, it can be said that Salmas township has a high potential in terms of the occurrence of strong earthquakes. So this city has two active faults and according to the vulnerability results, about 32% of the land area of this Township is in the medium and high vulnerable cluster, which shows the importance of investigating the locating temporary accommodation. According to the results of locating for the construction of temporary accommodation, it has been identified in about 33% of the most suitable area of the central lands of Salmas township, which includes 829 square kilometers of the surface of this city. Also, 35% of the land has an unsuitable area for the construction of temporary accommodation, which covers about 876 square kilometers of the area of this township. Conclusion Today, with the expansion of the urban and rural population, the amount of optimal risk control and optimal crisis management also decreases exponentially, So based on the earthquakes that occurred in Salmas township and due to being located in a seismic zone, the necessity of detailed studies and correct and scientific planning is required to reduce the physical, social and human vulnerables caused by earthquakes. In this regard, according to the research results, The central part of Salmas township, due to its proximity to military centers, health-treatment centers, and also due to geographical security, has the least vulnerability during an earthquake compared to other areas. This issue will play a significant role in providing services and rescue after the earthquake and for this reason, this area is the most suitable area for planning and locating temporary accommodation after the earthquake and finally, the southwest of this township is the most unfavorable land for the construction and implementation of the temporary accommodation. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. The main purpose of the research is the spatial analysis and Locating temporary accommodation site for crisis management after the earthquake in Salmas township. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. Data collection in this research has been done in library and field. In this research, to evaluate the level of vulnerability from two indicators of the number of earthquakes and active faults and for optimal location from 4 main criteria (natural, accessibility, functional and population) have been used. Ordinal Priority Approach, Spline, Line Density, Weighted Sum and Arc GIS software were used for data analysis. By examining the map of active faults and earthquakes that occurred in the study area, it can be said that Salmas township has a high potential in terms of the occurrence of strong earthquakes. So this city has two active faults and according to the vulnerability results, about 32% of the land area of this Township is in the medium and high vulnerable cluster, which shows the importance of investigating the locating temporary accommodation. According to the results of locating for the construction of temporary accommodation, it has been identified in about 33% of the most suitable area of the central lands of Salmas township, which includes 829 square kilometers of the surface of this city. The central part of Salmas township, due to its proximity to military centers, health-treatment centers, and also due to geographical security, has the least vulnerability during an earthquake compared to other areas.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723189_d1f3d021c5c73c6a13a49def16b8b916.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 A Comparative Study of Architectural Forms Under Blast Loads Using AHP and Finite Element Modeling تحلیل تطبیقی فرم‌های معماری در برابر انفجار با استفاده از روش AHP و مدل‌سازی اجزای محدود 151 174 732326 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2071840.1212 FA علی بیطرفان گروه علمی معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0009-0004-4922-8628 مه تیام شهبازی گروه علمی معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-2319-1167 فرح حبیب گروه علمی معماری، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 09 16 Extended Abstract Background and Significance In recent decades, the escalation of man-made threats, particularly bombings and terrorist attacks, has underscored the urgent need for designing architectural forms that comply with the principles of passive defense and civil protection. Explosions in urban areas cause not only direct structural damage but also secondary hazards such as debris projection, fire, and the collapse of non-structural components. These consequences highlight the importance of architectural decisions in mitigating vulnerabilities and enhancing urban resilience. Historically, architectural theorists, from Vitruvius to contemporary scholars such as Francis D.K. Ching, have emphasized the role of form as a fundamental determinant in the performance of buildings. In the context of blast resistance, architectural form plays a pivotal role in how shock waves interact with the building’s geometry, distribute stresses, and ultimately influence the extent of damage. Objectives of the Study The present research seeks to identify and evaluate the most influential indicators related to architectural form in the context of blast resistance, with the ultimate aim of providing a design framework that reduces vulnerability and supports the objectives of passive defense. Eleven key indicators were defined for this purpose: Basic building form type. Combination of architectural forms. Articulation of corners. Roof type. Compatibility between architectural and structural form. Adaptation of architectural form with the surrounding environment. Continuity and integration of architectural elements. Geometry of the external shell. Surface-to-height ratio. Irregularities in building plan. Irregularities in building façade. Methodology The research methodology combines expert-based evaluation and numerical simulation, thereby bridging qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the first phase, expert opinions were collected through structured questionnaires distributed among specialists in civil engineering, architecture, and crisis management. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to systematically weight and rank the indicators, enabling a structured comparison of the relative importance of architectural features. However, relying solely on expert judgment can be insufficient, since the actual behavior of buildings under blast loading is highly complex and influenced by numerous factors that may not be fully captured in subjective evaluations. Therefore, in the second phase, finite element modeling (FEM) was conducted using Abaqus software to simulate the performance of various architectural forms under blast loading conditions. The explosive material was modeled as TNT, and incident wave interactions were introduced to represent realistic blast scenarios. Material properties were defined using a Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model to capture both compressive and tensile cracking behaviors of reinforced concrete. Findings The AHP analysis of expert questionnaires revealed certain priorities among the identified indicators. Experts generally emphasized the aerodynamic qualities of forms, perceiving dome and conical roofs as more blast-resistant, while they considered flat roofs and box-like forms to be less efficient due to their lack of aerodynamic features. Similarly, irregularities in plan and façade were unanimously identified as significant weaknesses in reducing blast resistance. Finite element analysis, however, presented a different perspective. The simulations demonstrated that flat and compact forms actually performed better in terms of reducing maximum reaction forces at structural supports. Specifically, the flat roof building recorded the lowest force of 18,728 N, while pyramidal and gable roofs showed maximum forces of 38,128 N and 38,666 N, respectively. These findings indicate that the projected surface area exposed to the blast wave is more critical than aerodynamic shape alone. Moreover, irregular geometries resulted in concentrated stress zones, validating the expert concern regarding irregularity, yet challenging their assumption about the superiority of aerodynamic roofs. Discussion The comparative analysis between expert judgment and numerical modeling highlighted both alignments and divergences. While both approaches agreed on the detrimental impact of irregularities in plan and façade, their views diverged concerning roof performance. Experts, influenced by subjective notions of aerodynamics, ranked dome and conical roofs higher, whereas finite element results placed flat roofs at the top due to their reduced exposed surface area. This discrepancy underscores the importance of validating expert-based evaluations with numerical modeling, as intuitive impressions may not accurately reflect actual blast dynamics. The study further emphasizes that the interaction between form and environment plays a secondary yet meaningful role. Buildings aligned harmoniously with their surrounding topography and urban context demonstrated better integration in terms of energy distribution. Similarly, ensuring compatibility between architectural and structural forms significantly improved overall blast resistance, as incongruities between design intent and structural system created weak links under loading. Innovation of the Study The primary innovation of this research lies in the integration of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) with finite element modeling to provide a comprehensive evaluation of architectural form under blast loading. Unlike previous studies that focused solely on expert opinions or isolated numerical simulations, this research combines both approaches to reveal discrepancies and strengthen the reliability of findings. By systematically identifying eleven indicators and subjecting them to both qualitative and quantitative validation, the study offers a holistic framework for architectural decision-making in blast-resistant design. Applications and Implications The findings of this research provide practical insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers engaged in the design of secure urban spaces. By highlighting the limitations of relying exclusively on subjective expert evaluations, the study advocates for an evidence-based design approach where numerical modeling validates and refines expert intuition. The identified indicators can be directly incorporated into design guidelines for critical infrastructure, governmental buildings, and high-risk urban zones, thereby enhancing resilience against explosive threats. Furthermore, the study contributes to the broader discourse on passive defense, bridging architectural design with urban crisis management. Conclusion The comparative analysis revealed that flat and compact forms, contrary to expert assumptions, exhibit superior blast resistance due to reduced exposed surface areas. At the same time, irregularities in plan and façade remain critical weaknesses that exacerbate vulnerability. The combined use of AHP and finite element modeling not only enhanced the robustness of the findings but also introduced a replicable methodology for future studies. This research thus establishes a methodological and conceptual foundation for integrating architectural form into the broader framework of blast-resistant and resilient urban design. افزایش تهدیدات انسان‌ساز به‌ویژه انفجارها در محیط‌های شهری، ضرورت طراحی معماری سازگار با اصول پدافند غیرعامل را بیش از پیش آشکار ساخته است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی و ارزیابی شاخص‌های مؤثر در فرم معماری ساختمان‌ها در برابر انفجار و ارائه الگوی مناسب برای کاهش آسیب‌پذیری است. بدین منظور، یازده شاخص کلیدی شامل نوع فرم پایه، ترکیب فرم‌ها، نوع بام، نحوه مفصل‌بندی کنج‌ها، شکل پوسته خارجی، نسبت سطح به ارتفاع و نامنظمی‌های هندسی استخراج شدند. در مرحله نخست، داده‌های حاصل از پرسشنامه خبرگان با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی (AHP) وزن‌دهی و رتبه‌بندی گردید. سپس، برای اعتبارسنجی نتایج، مدل‌سازی اجزای محدود با نرم‌افزار Abaqus انجام شد و فرم‌های مختلف تحت بار انفجار TNT شبیه‌سازی شدند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که نتایج حاصل از قضاوت خبرگان با تحلیل عددی تطابق کامل ندارد و در برخی موارد تفاوت معناداری مشاهده می‌شود. بر اساس مدل‌سازی عددی، فرم‌های تخت و فشرده عملکرد بهتری در کاهش نیروهای وارده دارند، در حالی که خبرگان به دلیل برداشت ذهنی از اثرات آیرودینامیکی برخی فرم‌ها، رتبه‌بندی متفاوتی ارائه کرده بودند. نوآوری اصلی این پژوهش در ترکیب دو رویکرد تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره و مدل‌سازی اجزای محدود برای بررسی جامع شاخص‌های معماری است. این رویکرد می‌تواند به‌عنوان مبنایی برای طراحی ساختمان‌های مقاوم در برابر انفجار و ارتقای تاب‌آوری شهری مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732326_39b8702e2840a7c15cc82ef52217776e.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Analyzing the Semiotic Nature of Signs in Urban Facades: A Study of Consumerist Architecture in Kianabad and Zeytun Districts, Ahvaz تبیین ماهیت نشانه در نماهای شهری با نگرشی بر معماری مصرفی؛ مورد پژوهی: مناطق کیان‌آباد و زیتون در شهر اهواز 175 196 722485 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2053742.1170 FA سیده صدیقه میرگذار لنگرودی گروه معماری، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران 0000-0003-4684-2759 پریسا فرضی گروه معماری، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران 0009-0000-2860-0110 ندا ارزانی بیرگانی گروه معماری، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2025 03 03 In the contemporary era, urban spaces—particularly within major cities—have increasingly become arenas for the negotiation and representation of divergent identities, shaped profoundly by the forces of consumerism, commercial architecture, and pervasive advertising. This transformation is especially evident in cities undergoing rapid modernization, where globalized economic paradigms intersect with local cultural and historical narratives. The city of Ahvaz, a regional hub in southwestern Iran, serves as a compelling case study for examining these dynamics. Characterized by its diverse socio-economic fabric and evolving urban landscape, Ahvaz exemplifies the tensions between preservation of indigenous identity and the homogenizing pressures of consumerist development. This research seeks to critically analyze the interplay between consumerist architecture, urban semiotics, and the erosion or reconfiguration of urban identity, with a focused investigation into two distinct districts of Ahvaz: Kianabad, a historically working-class neighborhood, and Zeytun, a rapidly modernizing commercial zone. By interrogating the mechanisms through which consumer-driven design influences spatial authenticity and socio-cultural cohesion, the study aims to contribute actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers tasked with balancing developmental imperatives and heritage conservation. The primary objective of this study is to dissect the processes underlying the formation and evolution of urban semiotic markers—such as signage, facades, and commercial aesthetics—within consumerist architectural frameworks, and to evaluate their cumulative impact on the socio-spatial identity of Ahvaz. Central to this inquiry is the hypothesis that the commodification of urban spaces, driven by market forces and globalized consumer trends, engenders a disjuncture between traditional architectural narratives and the homogenized visual language of modernity. To test this hypothesis, a mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches to capture both the experiential and empirical dimensions of urban identity transformation. Data collection involved two phases: first, semi-structured interviews with 30 residents from each district (60 participants total), selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation across age, occupation, and length of residency; second, a randomized survey administered to 384 individuals (192 per district), utilizing Likert-scale questionnaires tailored to assess perceptions of architectural authenticity, attachment to place, and the perceived influence of consumerist elements on neighborhood character. Qualitative data from interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis using MAXQDA software, which facilitated the coding of recurring motifs such as "nostalgia for traditional aesthetics," "alienation from commercialized spaces," and "perceived cultural erasure." Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics, including T-tests to compare mean responses between districts, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate causal relationships between consumerist architecture variables (e.g., standardized signage, franchise-dominated streetscapes) and metrics of urban identity loss (e.g., diminished place attachment, blurred cultural distinctiveness). The integration of these datasets revealed a nuanced portrait of how consumerism reconfigures urban semiotics. For instance, residents of Kianabad, a district with a stronger historical identity rooted in vernacular architecture and localized commerce, reported higher levels of dissatisfaction with the encroachment of generic retail chains and neon-lit advertisements, which they associated with a dilution of community character. In contrast, Zeytun’s younger, more transient population exhibited greater ambivalence, often framing homogenized aesthetics as markers of "progress" and "global connectivity," albeit at the cost of spatial uniqueness. Statistical findings underscored a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the prevalence of consumerist architectural elements and metrics of urban identity erosion. PLS-SEM path analysis further identified "visual homogenization" and "decline in locally rooted design motifs" as primary mediators of this relationship, accounting for 68% of the variance in identity loss scores. Qualitative narratives complemented these results, with interviewees lamenting the replacement of traditional bazaars and artisanal storefronts with glass-paneled franchises and digital billboards, which they perceived as eroding the "soul" of their neighborhoods. One participant remarked, "The streets now feel like a mirror of any global city—same brands, same lights, but no connection to who we are." Such sentiments were particularly pronounced among long-term residents, who framed the transformation as a form of cultural dispossession. The study’s implications extend beyond theoretical discourse, offering pragmatic pathways for urban revitalization. It argues that the preservation of urban identity in the face of consumerist pressures necessitates a dual approach: first, the implementation of zoning regulations that prioritize context-sensitive design—such as mandating the integration of traditional motifs into modern facades or limiting the dominance of multinational retail chains in historic districts; and second, community-engaged initiatives to document and celebrate indigenous architectural heritage, fostering a sense of ownership and continuity among residents. For example, participatory workshops involving local artisans and architects could serve to reinterpret traditional craftsmanship within contemporary frameworks, ensuring that modernization does not equate to cultural erasure. Additionally, the research highlights the role of digital tools—such as augmented reality apps that overlay historical imagery onto present-day streetscapes—as means to cultivate public awareness of architectural heritage. Critically, the study also interrogates the socio-economic dimensions of consumerist urbanization. In districts like Zeytun, where commercial development is often synonymous with economic opportunity, the research uncovers a paradox: while residents acknowledge the aesthetic and cultural costs of homogenization, many view consumerist spaces as vital to livelihood and social mobility. This tension underscores the need for policies that harmonize economic growth with cultural preservation, rather than framing them as mutually exclusive. For instance, incentivizing local businesses to adopt hybrid models—combining modern retail practices with traditional design elements—could mitigate identity loss while sustaining economic vitality. In conclusion, this research delineates the complex interplay between consumerist architecture and urban identity, demonstrating that the semiotic landscape of cities is not merely a backdrop to social life but a dynamic participant in the construction of collective memory and cultural belonging. By exposing the mechanisms through which market-driven design engenders spatial alienation, the study advocates for a reimagined urbanism—one that embraces modernity without sacrificing locality, and growth without erasure. For cities like Ahvaz, poised at the crossroads of tradition and globalization, such an approach is not merely aesthetic but existential, offering a blueprint for resilient, identity-anchored urban futures. در جهان معاصر، فضاهای شهری، به‌ویژه در کلان‌شهرها، تحت سیطره تبلیغات، مراکز تجاری و معماری مصرف‌گرایانه، به عرصه‌ای برای بازنمایی هویت‌های گوناگون بدل گشته‌اند. این تحقیق درصدد است تا تأثیر این‌گونه معماری و نشانه‌های برآمده از آن را در دو ناحیه متمایز شهری مورد کاوش قرار دهد و سیر تحولات و فرآیندهای شکل‌گیری این پدیده‌ها را به‌دقت تحلیل نماید. چرا که با درک عمیق اثرات معماری مصرفی بر هویت شهری، می‌توان به راهبردهایی برای بازآفرینی و صیانت از اصالت فضاهای شهری دست یافت و پیامدهای این دگرگونی‌ها را بر جامعه و ساختارهای اجتماعی آن ژرف‌تر شناخت. در این راستا، غایت اصلی این پژوهش، تبیین و تحلیل سیر تکوین و تطور نشانه‌های شهری با تکیه بر عوامل معماری مصرفی و سنجش تأثیرات این عوامل بر هویت شهری است. این مطالعه،با رویکردی کاربردی و روشی آمیخته، به انجام رسیده و داده‌های آن از رهگذر مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با دو گروه سی‌نفره از ساکنان مناطق کیان‌آباد و زیتون گردآوری شده است. سپس، تأثیر معماری مصرفی بر هویت شهری از طریق پرسشنامه،‌ و با نمونه‌گیری تصادفی از ۳۸۴ نفر مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. تحلیل داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از آزمون‌های آماری نظیر T-test و نرم‌افزارهایی چون MAXQDA برای کدگذاری، SPSS برای تحلیل‌های آماری، و PLS برای سنجش دقت و اعتبار نتایج صورت پذیرفت تا تأثیر مصرف‌گرایی بر پدیده بی‌هویتی شهری در این دو منطقه مقایسه گردد. نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مصرف نشانه‌، تأثیر قابل‌توجهی بر تغییرات هویت شهری در سالهای اخیر داشته وبی‌هویتی و فروکاست اصالت فضاها را به دنبال دارد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_722485_81f02be09b3ae2517c6635a6728fb926.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Evaluating the Legibility and Exploring its Key indicators in the Urban Areas Applying Residents’ Cognitive Maps (Case study: Minoodar and Kosar neighborhoods in Qazvin) بررسی میزان خوانایی و استخراج عوامل مؤثر بر آن در مناطق شهری با بهره گیری از نقشه‌های شناختی ساکنان (نمونه موردی: محلات مینودر و کوثر در قزوین) 197 213 723525 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2052326.1156 FA مریم چرخچیان گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران 0000-0003-4672-5341 عبدالهادی دانشپور گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران Journal Article 2025 02 16 Introduction The formation of cognitive maps occurs through a process in which an individual encodes, stores, retrieves, and decodes information about the physical environment. In this regard, factors such as building design, organization of pedestrian and vehicular pathways, spatial scale, urban structural networks, and the system of mass and space in cities are examined. One of the most well-known studies on this topic is by Lynch, who identifies five key elements of cognitive maps: paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts. However, in some cities and developed areas, a lack of legibility in the urban fabric is evident. For instance, in the northern parts of Qazvin, specifically the “Minoodar” and “Kosar” neighborhoods, which represent the city’s recent development, the initial studies and user experiences indicate a lack of spatial legibility. This has led to issues in spatial orientation and navigation, leaving residents confused and feeling insecure. Therefore, this research aims to answer several key questions: to what extent does the studied area provide legibility for its residents? How accurate and precise are the residents' cognitive maps? Which element of the cognitive maps receives the most emphasis, and what individual factors influence this? What are the strengths and weaknesses of spatial legibility in the studied area, and how can it be improved? Methodology Following Lynch’s approach, where user-drawn sketches were analyzed to identify key physical elements, each participant in this study was asked to draw a sketch of their living environment. The sketches were analyzed based on the five physical elements (paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts) to assess their effective definition. The sketches were also compared to actual maps to evaluate accuracy and analyzed for precision across different social groups. A total of 380 participants from four clusters of the studied area were selected through a stratified random sampling method. In each cluster 95 participants were participated. The results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in two main phases. At the first, precision of the sketches were analyzed considering different five elements paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts and the rate of using them in different sociodemographic groups. At second step, the accuracy of the sketches were investigated based on the real maps to explore the legibility and users’ mental maps. Results and discussion Analysis using SPSS software showed that gender and marital status did not significantly correlate with the accuracy of the sketches. Additionally, while cognitive maps of long-term residents were more detailed, the relationship between residency duration and sketch accuracy was not statistically significant. The sketches of educated participants were more accurate. Regarding employment, self-employed individuals and retirees showed greater attention to the environment. In terms of frequency, the five elements of Lynch's model were mentioned in the following order: landmarks, nodes, paths, districts (5%), and edges (2%), with landmarks being the most and edges the least frequently mentioned. Errors in the sketches included issues with geometry, orientation, and the position of elements. Among these, geometric errors (misidentifying the shape of paths) were the most common, while directional errors (incorrect orientation) were the least. The overall accuracy score of the sketches was 61.36%, while precision was 55%, indicating a lack of precision details and accuracy. In addition, curve geometry of the paths were the reason for lack of sense of orientation among users and they focused on the nodes than paths in drawing their sketches. It indicates that although the paths are the weakness of the neighborhood design in term of legibility and the nodes were the strength in this regard. Conclusion The findings indicate that participants' cognitive maps do not align well with the actual maps of the city in terms of orientation, geometry, and access hierarchy. The most notable insight was that participants' spatial knowledge relied more on urban nodes and their relative positions and sequences rather than on access hierarchies or sequential paths. A direct observation of the studied area revealed several reasons for the lack of legibility: similarity of urban pathways and structural forms, absence of distinctive landmarks or key elements, curved pathways lacking clear geometry, disrupting spatial orientation, poor access hierarchies, lack of building identity and monotonous facades due to low-cost cooperative housing, and undefined edges and boundaries of neighborhoods. None of the participants have mentioned the edges and boundaries between the two neighborhoods of Minodar and Kosar in their sketches, which shows that one of the problems of poor legibility in these areas is because the borders and edges of these two neighborhoods are not clear.So, Improving legibility requires addressing these weaknesses through thoughtful design and urban planning to clarify different elements and form clear mental image from their living area. امروزه با توسعه‌ی شهرها در قالب بافت‌ها و شهرک‌های جدید، عدم وضوح و خوانایی و در نتیجه کاهش مطلوبیت فضا مشهود است. خوانایی کیفیتی مبتنی بر ادراک و تصاویر ذهنی افراد برپایه تجارب فردی آنان در شهر بوده و به منزله‌ی درک جهت و موقعیت در فضا است. این در حالی‌است که بسیاری از توسعه‌های شهری اخیر مانند محله‌ی مینودر و کوثر واقع در شهر قزوین؛ فاقد خوانایی می‌باشند. پرسشی که مطرح می گردد آن است که کدام علل و عوامل در خوانایی یا عدم خوانایی این فضاها نقش دارند و عوامل فردی و کالبدی چگونه می توانند بر شکل‌گیری تصاویر ذهنی افراد در محیط مؤثر باشند. به منظور پاسخگویی به این پرسش، 380 نفر‌ از ساکنین محلات مورد مطالعه به صورت خوشه‌ای در تحقق شرکت و محدوده سکونت خود را براساس تصاویر ذهنی در قالب نقشه ترسیم نمودند. تحلیل کروکی‌های ترسیم شده حاکی از آن است که در میان عناصر پنجگانه مطرح شده توسط لینچ، بیشترین تأکید بر عنصر نشانه و سپس گره بوده است. تطبیق کروکی‌های ترسیم شده با فضای مورد مطالعه نشان می‌دهد علت عدم خوانایی محدوده‌ی مورد مطالعه را می‌توان در ضعف ساختاری فضا، فرم کالبدی، عدم وضوح بصری جداره‌ها و یکنواختی بناها دانست. علاوه بر این، نتایج حاکی از آن است که عامل جنسیت، سن، تحصیلات و وضعیت تأهل فاقد نقش تعیین‌کننده در دقت و صحت نقشه‌های ذهنی بوده و علیرغم مطالعات گذشته، اگرچه عامل مدت زمان سکونت افراد سبب ارتقاء دقت نقشه‌های شناحتی آن‌ها بوده ولی نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای نداشته‌است.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723525_e8c0f4c4d7bea65a4182f16a81a000b1.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Title of Paper : Investigating the effect of gamification on improving organizational learning and individual and social behavior and its relationship with people-centered defense بررسی تاثیر گیمیفیکشن بر بهبود یادگیری سازمانی و رفتار فردی و اجتماعی و ارتباط آن با جنگ شناختی 214 227 723537 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2048666.1151 FA حمیدرضا محمدی گروه مدیریت تکنولوژی، ، واحد تهران مرکزی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ، ایران 0009-0004-4534-1615 محمدرضا کرامتی گروه علوم پزشکی، دانشکده علو پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی ، تهران، ایران عبدالرسول رسولی گروه مدیریت صنعتی ، واحد تهران مرکزی ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران ، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 28 ABSTRACT This article examines the effects of gamification on improving organizational learning and shows how the use of gamification tools can be effective in increasing intrinsic motivation, team collaboration, increasing participation, and continuous learning. In addition, gamification can lead to better learning and improving employees' technical skills by increasing access to online educational resources and providing a competitive and attractive environment. Research shows that gamification can help develop social skills and strengthen group collaboration in organizations in addition to promoting individual learning. However, there are challenges such as high costs, cultural resistance, and the need to personalize learning experiences in using gamification that need to be addressed. In addition, the results of the studies show that to fully exploit the potential of gamification, the design of gamification systems should be done according to the specific needs of the organization and its culture. Also, using this tool in digital and online environments during the era of teleworking and distance learning can help improve organizational performance and improve learning processes. This article also discusses practical suggestions for improving the use of gamification in organizations and suggests that future research should focus on examining the long-term effects of gamification and its impact on different parts of the organization such as human resources, marketing, and production.keywords: Gamification, organizational learning, performanceimprovement, identity modeling, individual and social behavior, people-centered defense Gamification provides an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. Puzo Sanchez, Lopez Belmonte, Fuentes Cabrera, and Lopez Nunez (2020) showed that gamification can provide great potential in improving performance. Organizations should use gamification because it creates an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. This approach increases employee motivation and engagement in performance by incorporating elements such as challenges and emotions (Alcivar & Abad, 2016). According to Kolb and Kolb (2010), game-based learning has been recognized as a useful method because it provides an enjoyable and safe environment for learning where the learner is in a controlled platform. Therefore, it would be beneficial for organizations to create a creative and self-exploratory environment using gamified systems to more effectively improve organizational commitment. However, despite the growing use of gamification in educational and organizational settings, its precise and documented effects on improving organizational learning are still under debate. Many studies show that gamification can increase employee motivation and engagement with educational processes, but there are many questions about how and to what extent it is effective. This study seeks to examine the impact of gamification on organizational learning and attempts to introduce models and methods that organizations can use to optimize the use of this technique and improve their educational and learning processes. Gamification provides an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. Puzo Sanchez, Lopez Belmonte, Fuentes Cabrera, and Lopez Nunez (2020) showed that gamification can provide great potential in improving performance. Organizations should use gamification because it creates an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. This approach increases employee motivation and engagement in performance by incorporating elements such as challenges and emotions (Alcivar & Abad, 2016). According to Kolb and Kolb (2010), game-based learning has been recognized as a useful method because it provides an enjoyable and safe environment for learning where the learner is in a controlled platform. Therefore, it would be beneficial for organizations to create a creative and self-exploratory environment using gamified systems to more effectively improve organizational commitment. However, despite the increasing use of gamification in educational and organizational settings, its precise and documented effects on improving organizational learning are still under debate. Many studies show that gamification can increase employee motivation and engagement with educational processes, but there are many questions about how and to what extent it is effective. These questions include: "How can gamification affect the learning process and improve employee skills?", "What factors influence the success or failure of gamification in organizations?", and "Can gamification sustainably help improve organizational performance?". This research seeks to examine the impact of gamification on organizational learning and attempts to introduce models and methods that organizations can use to optimally utilize this technique and improve their educational and learning processes. keywords: Gamification, organizational learning, performanceimprovement, identity modeling, individual and social behavior, people-centered defense این مقاله به بررسی تاثیرات گیمیفیکیشن بر بهبود یادگیری سازمانی پرداخته است و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه استفاده از ابزارهای گیمیفیکیشن می‌تواند در افزایش انگیزه درونی، همکاری تیمی، افزایش مشارکت و یادگیری مستمر مؤثر باشد. علاوه بر این، گیمیفیکیشن می‌تواند با افزایش دسترسی به منابع آموزشی آنلاین و فراهم آوردن محیطی رقابتی و جذاب، موجب یادگیری بهتر و بهبود مهارت‌های فنی کارکنان گردد. تحقیقات انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهند که گیمیفیکیشن قادر است علاوه بر ارتقای یادگیری فردی، به توسعه مهارت‌های اجتماعی و تقویت همکاری‌های گروهی در سازمان‌ها کمک کند. با این حال، چالش‌هایی مانند هزینه‌های بالا، مقاومت فرهنگی و نیاز به شخصی‌سازی تجربیات یادگیری در استفاده از گیمیفیکیشن وجود دارد که باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. بعلاوه نتایج مطالعات نشان می‌دهد که برای بهره‌برداری کامل از پتانسیل گیمیفیکیشن، طراحی سیستم‌های گیمیفیکیشن باید با توجه به نیازهای خاص سازمان و فرهنگ آن صورت گیرد. همچنین، استفاده از این ابزار در محیط‌های دیجیتال و آنلاین در دوران دورکاری و یادگیری از راه دور می‌تواند به ارتقای عملکرد سازمان‌ها و بهبود فرآیندهای یادگیری کمک کند. با این توصیف اثرات این سبک یادگیری از جانب سازندگان گیمیفیکیشن بر الگوسازی هویتی و رفتاری برای کاربران نیز حائز اهمیت برخوردار است که در این راستا دشمنان برای تاثیر گزاری بر اذهان جامعه علاوه بر رسانه ، از این روش به خوبی بهره می برند و این مهم بایستی توسط خبرگان رسانه قبل از انتشار و بهره برداری مورد برسی و بازبینی قرار گیرد و پیامد های آن در ابعاد رفتاری،هنجاری مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723537_309797341dfceab99f87ac3478490e94.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 Interior Architecture and its Impact on Fire Risk Management: A Systematic Review معماری داخلی و تاثیر آن بر مدیریت خطرات آتش سوزی: یک مرور نظام مند 228 256 723562 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2055608.1172 FA زهرا شیرپوراصل دانشگاه هنر و معماری پارس 0009-0009-3113-6385 عبدالرضا محسنی دانشگاه هنر و معماری پارس 0009-0008-9925-0494 Journal Article 2025 03 11 Fire risk management in buildings is a critical challenge in architecture, interior architecture, and fire safety engineering, directly impacting occupant health, safety, and well-being. interior architecture plays a crucial role in fire prevention, suppression, and emergency response, making it an essential interdisciplinary field. This study systematically reviews the scientific literature to analyze the role of interior architecture elements in managing fire risks. A systematic review methodology was employed, analyzing 23 selected articles retrieved from Scopus, Emerald, and Google Scholar through qualitative and quantitative content analysis to identify key themes, research trends, and gaps. The findings indicate that interior architecture significantly impacts fire risk management across four critical phases: prevention, detection, suppression, and evacuation. 1. Prevention: Reducing Fire Occurrence Risks The prevention phase focuses on material selection and spatial planning. Using fire-resistant materials such as non-combustible wall panels, flame-retardant textiles, and fire-resistant coatings reduces fire spread. Safe spatial planning involves compartmentalization, placing high-risk areas (e.g., kitchens, electrical rooms) away from main living or workspaces, and minimizing combustible materials in interiors. 2. Detection: Enhancing Early Fire Warnings Early detection is vital for preventing fire escalation. Integrating smoke detectors, heat sensors, and alarm systems within interior spaces enhances safety. The study highlights the growing adoption of smart fire detection systems, including AI-driven and IoT-based sensors, which improve response time and accuracy. Strategic placement of detectors and ensuring they blend aesthetically into interiors without compromising effectiveness is an emerging trend in fire-conscious design. 3. Suppression: Containing Fire Spread and Damage Fire suppression relies on integrating fire control systems into interior spaces, including automatic sprinklers, fire-resistant furnishings, and suppression coatings. Research highlights advancements such as self-extinguishing materials and chemically treated upholstery, which help slow fire progression. The effectiveness of suppression also depends on intelligent fire suppression technologies, such as gas-based systems that automatically activate in high-risk environments. 4. Safe Evacuation: Enabling Quick and Efficient Escape Evacuation is a critical phase in fire management, requiring clear escape routes, well-placed emergency exits, and effective wayfinding strategies. Findings emphasize that buildings should feature wide, unobstructed corridors, fire-rated stairwells, and illuminated emergency exit signage. Lighting and ventilation play essential roles, with smoke control systems and glow-in-the-dark evacuation paths enhancing occupant safety. Recent studies also explore wayfinding psychology, analyzing how individuals navigate fire emergencies and how interior layouts influence evacuation efficiency. Research Trends and Geographic Distribution Research in this area is highly interdisciplinary, spanning architecture, interior architecture, fire safety engineering, and material science. Asian countries contribute significantly to this field, driven by urbanization and stringent fire safety regulations. A notable increase in research publications since 2019 highlights growing academic interest in integrating fire-safe interior architecture into modern buildings. Studies are predominantly published in architecture, civil engineering, and fire safety journals, yet cross-disciplinary collaborations remain limited. The study identifies the need for broader integration of perspectives from behavioral psychology, urban planning, and public policy to improve fire-safe design practices. Existing Research Gaps and Future Directions Despite advancements, several research gaps remain: 1. Limited Focus on Human Behavior and Lived Experiences Most studies emphasize technical solutions and material innovations, with minimal attention to occupants' real-life responses during fire incidents. Future research should explore behaviorally adaptive interior architecture, ensuring that spaces facilitate intuitive and efficient evacuations. 2. Lack of Policy and Regulatory Analysis Fire safety regulations significantly impact interior architecture, yet studies on policy effectiveness, compliance challenges, and regional disparities are scarce. Future research should assess how building codes influence design decisions and propose improvements. 3. Insufficient Investigation of Smart Technologies and Sustainable Solutions While AI-driven fire monitoring and sustainable fire-resistant materials show promise, research on their practical implementation, cost-effectiveness, and scalability remains limited. Future studies should explore how innovative technologies can enhance fire resilience without compromising design aesthetics. This study highlights the responsibility of architects and interior architectures in prioritizing fire safety through material selection, space planning, and smart fire prevention measures. Collaboration with fire engineers, urban planners, and policymakers is essential to align safety measures with evolving building codes, environmental concerns, and technological advancements. Additionally, greater education and awareness within the interior architecture profession are necessary. Universities and design training programs should incorporate fire safety principles into their curricula to equip future professionals with the expertise needed to create safer built environments. In conclusion, interior architecture plays an essential role in fire prevention, detection, suppression, and safe evacuation. A systematic review of existing research highlights that fire-resistant materials, strategic spatial layouts, and integrated fire safety systems are critical in reducing fire-related risks. While research in this domain has grown significantly, gaps remain in behavioral analysis, policy assessment, and the integration of smart technologies into fire-safe design. Future research should bridge these gaps by incorporating interdisciplinary perspectives, combining technical innovations with behavioral science and policy-driven strategies. By advancing knowledge in this field, architects and interior architectures can take a proactive role in enhancing building safety, ultimately contributing to resilient urban environments and improved fire risk management strategies in modern architecture. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نظام‌مند ادبیات علمی و تحلیل نقش عناصر معماری داخلی در مدیریت خطرات آتش‌سوزی در ساختمان‌ها، به شناسایی شکاف‌های پژوهشی این حوزه می‌پردازد. در این راستا، با استفاده از روش مرور نظام‌مند، 23 مقاله منتخب از پایگاه‌های داده‌ای اسکوپوس، امرالد و گوگل اسکالر مورد بررسی و تحلیل محتوای کیفی و کمی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که معماری داخلی در تمامی مراحل مدیریت حریق (پیشگیری، تشخیص، اطفاء و تخلیه ایمن) نقشی حیاتی ایفا می‌کند و انتخاب مصالح مقاوم در برابر آتش، چیدمان ایمن فضا، طراحی مسیرهای خروج مناسب و نصب سیستم‌های اعلام و اطفاء حریق، از جمله عوامل کلیدی در کاهش خطرپذیری ساختمان‌ها هستند. پژوهش‌های این حوزه ماهیتی میان‌رشته‌ای داشته و بیشتر در کشورهای آسیایی و در مجلات تخصصی معماری و عمران منتشر شده‌اند و روند انتشار مقالات از سال 2019 به صورت افزایشی بوده است. نتایج این پژوهش ضمن تاکید بر اهمیت توجه طراحان داخلی و معماران به اصول ایمنی حریق و استفاده از مصالح و فناوری‌های نوین، نشان می‌دهد که اگرچه پژوهش‌ها در این زمینه رو به ‌رشد است، اما همچنان شکاف‌هایی (مانند کمبود مطالعات در مورد نقش و تجارب زیسته ساکنان و تحلیل سیاست‌ها) وجود دارد که نیازمند تحقیقات بیشتری در این زمینه است.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723562_142d53a576f75148d1f44184c40e9a71.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 22 The role of safe city components in promoting urban governance in Khavaran and Marzdaran towns of Tabriz ارزیابی نقش مؤلفه‌های شهر ایمن در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری در شهرک خاوران و مرزداران تبریز 257 277 727393 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2061964.1192 FA مسعود حق لسان استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد ایلخچی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلخچی، ایران. 0000-0001-9826-0086 Journal Article 2025 05 27 In the present age, the concept of a safe city is recognized as one of the essential pillars in enhancing urban governance. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-analytical, where the factors influencing a safe city in improving urban governance in Tabriz were initially identified through the opinions of 25 specialists, professors, and experts in relevant organizations using the Delphi method. For data analysis, three components with 27 sub-components were identified as strong influencing factors in enhancing urban governance, and the impact analysis method was employed using the Micmac software, which serves as an effective tool in analyzing and modeling the relationships among different components of a safe city and their effects on urban governance. The results indicated that environmental components and their sub-components, including resilient and safe infrastructure, sustainable natural resource management, urban safety and security, etc., were the most influential factors in enhancing urban governance in the border towns of Marzdaran and Khavaran in Tabriz, with a score of 474. According to the results, environmental components with a score of 474, economic components with a score of 463, and social components with a score of 401 are effective in improving urban governance. Therefore, paying attention to these three components together can contribute to creating a safe city and, consequently, enhancing the quality of life for citizens and improving management processes in the city of Tabriz. Introduction One of the most important issues that has been considered by planners and urban managers in recent years for various reasons such as population density and a decrease in social interactions is the topic of safety in cities and for citizens. The existence of safety in urban environments is one of the essential requirements of quality of life. The safe city, as a central concept in urban design and planning, examines and evaluates the structures, services, and policies designed to reduce various risks and threats. In this context, multiple components such as optimal infrastructure, access to public services, social security, and active community participation in decision-making processes play a key role in enhancing quality of life and improving urban management. In the new areas of Tabriz, considering the rapid urbanization and the necessity of creating a suitable living space, the analysis and evaluation of these components, especially from a social and economic perspective, becomes particularly important. In other words, creating safe cities not only helps reduce vulnerability to natural and human disasters but also increases public trust in government institutions and accelerates and improves management processes. This means creating a safe and sustainable environment for citizens in the new areas of Tabriz, where everyone can easily benefit from facilities and services and participate in urban decision-making. This research aims to address the question of how the role of safe city components can be evaluated in enhancing urban governance in the new areas of Tabriz using foresight. Methodology This research is of an applied nature and, based on its methodology, is conducted through future studies - analytical methods, utilizing a combination of documentary and survey methods. For data collection, researcher-made questionnaires were used. Results and discussion The software was configured with a matrix of dimensions 27×27, which had a fill rate of 74.95 percent and indicates that the selected components have high and scattered interactions with each other. In fact, the system is in a state of instability. The matrix, based on statistical indicators with two rounds of data rotation, is 100 percent desirable and optimal; such that the matrix of potential direct effects is 92 and 94 percent, respectively, indicating the high validity of the questionnaire and its responses. In the structural analysis matrix, the sum of the numbers in the rows of each factor represents the level of impact, while the sum of the columns of each factor shows the degree of susceptibility of that factor, which will be explained further. According to the analytical results of the matrix, the environmental component, with a score of 474, has the greatest impact on enhancing the validity of the city of Tabriz in the areas of Khavaran and Marzdaran, while the social component, with a score of 401, has the lowest degree of impact. Additionally, the social component, with a score of 454, has shown the highest susceptibility. Conclusion Evaluating future-oriented approaches in enhancing urban governance requires examining components with scientific and logical tools. In this research, the Micmac software has been used to analyze and prioritize the effective components in promoting urban governance. Based on structural analysis in Micmac software, three components and twenty-seven sub-components were categorized as effective components for a safe city in enhancing governance from the perspective of 25 experts and professors in related fields. The scoring indicated that environmental components have the greatest impact on improving urban governance. It was concluded that urban governance in the Khavaran and Marzdaran neighborhoods has a direct relationship with environmental components, including resilient and safe infrastructure, sustainable management of natural resources, urban safety and security, climate sustainability, urban resilience, citizen awareness, connection to good urban governance, natural resource management, green space management, and air quality. Therefore, to enhance urban governance in the Marzdaran and Khavaran neighborhoods, comprehensive and precise planning in the area of environmental components in the city of Tabriz needs to be conducted. در عصر حاضر، مفهوم شهر ایمن به‌عنوان یکی از ارکان اساسی در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری شناخته می‌شود. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به ارزیابی نقش مؤلفه‌های شهر ایمن در بهبود و تقویت فرایندهای حکمروایی شهری در شهرک خاوران و مرزداران تبریز می‌پردازد. روش تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر توصیفی - تحلیلی است که در روند تهیه و تولید داده‌ها ابتدا مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر شهر ایمن در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری در تبریز با استفاده از نظرات 25 نفر از متخصصین این موضوع، استادان و صاحب نظران در سازمان های ذیربط از طریق روش دلفی شناسایی شد. برای تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات 3 مولفه با 27 زیر مولفه به‌عنوان عوامل تأثیرگذار قوی در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری شناسایی و جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از روش تحلیل اثرات متقابل در نرم‌افزار میک مک استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد مولفه های محیطی و زیر مولفه های آن از جمله زیرساخت های مقاوم وایمن، مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی و غیره با عدد 474 به‌عنوان اثرگذارترین مولفه در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری در شهرک های مرزداران و خاوران شهر تبریز بودند. بر اساس نتایج به ترتیب مولفه های محیطی با عدد 474، اقتصادی با عدد 463 و اجتماعی با عدد 401 در ارتقا حکمروایی شهری موثر هستند بنابراین توجه به این سه مولفه در کنار هم می تواند در ایجاد شهری ایمن و به تبع آن، ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی شهروندان و بهبود فرآیندهای مدیریتی در شهرک های خاوران و مرزداران شهر تبریز شود.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_727393_c1b13694507136eedc7cc831827f9fe6.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 8 4 2025 12 01 Scenario-Calibrated Prioritization of Office Building Materials: A SWARA–SMART Multi-Criteria Framework ارزیابی سناریومحور آسیب‌پذیری مصالح در ساختمان‌های اداری با رویکرد چندمعیاره SWARA–SMART 278 297 732105 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2073844.1217 FA امیدرضا میکائیلی دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران 0000-0002-4350-9478 سجاد رنجبر شاه کوهی پژوهش گر انجمن علمی پدافند غیر عامل ایران، تهران، ایران 0009-0006-9512-3362 مهدی بیطرفان استادیار پژوهشکده مهندسی سازه، پژوهشگاه بین المللی زلزله شناسی و مهندسی زلزله 0000-0003-2814-8704 Journal Article 2025 10 06 Introduction Office buildings concentrate occupants, services, and value-dense assets, making them priority targets for risk reduction under multi-hazard conditions. Materials and envelope systems decisively shape blast and fire consequences, out-of-plane wall response under shaking, and the ease of post-event clearance and repair. This study develops a rapid, material-centric, scenario-based evaluation framework for office buildings. Unlike case-specific assessments, the approach generalizes findings by integrating expert judgment with multi-criteria analysis and calibrating priorities to the prevailing context (scenarios), thereby producing actionable, defensible rankings without relying on a single project. Methodology Eight criteria were defined to appraise material and component choices in office buildings: (C1) blast-effect reduction, (C2) fire resistance, (C3) seismic performance, (C4) debris-removal facilitation, (C5) repairability, (C6) construction speed, (C7) execution complexity, and (C8) cost. Criterion weights were derived using SWARA, and indicator/option scores under each criterion were elicited via SMART on a 1–9 semantic scale (poor–excellent). Data were gathered from 15 domain experts (structural/architectural design, façade engineering, HSE/civil defense, and urban crisis management) through a staged survey with content validation, consistency checks, and sensitivity analysis. To reflect context dependence, a scenario calibration layer was applied to the SWARA weights: four complementary scenarios were analyzed—blast-focused (S1), fire-focused (S2), operations-focused (S3: speed/ complexity/ cost/ debris/ repair), and seismic-focused (S4)—by proportionally emphasizing the relevant criterion(-ia) and renormalizing before aggregating SMART scores to final rankings. Results and discussion Baseline SWARA prioritization shows blast mitigation carries the highest weight (0.2531), followed by fire resistance (0.1947), seismic performance (0.1693), debris removal (0.1254), cost (0.0963), repairability (0.0689), construction speed (0.0530), and execution complexity (0.0393). At the indicator level, glazing ranks first within blast mitigation; interior finishes dominate fire resistance; and the type of structural system leads complexity, speed, and cost. Overall material weight (light-/heavy-weight) is the top indicator for debris removal and consistently prevails alongside seismic and repairability considerations. Scenario analysis reveals a stable decision core across contexts: the structural system and exterior walls remain among the top drivers in all four scenarios. Emphasis shifts then lift specific levers: in S1 (blast), exterior walls, structural system, and glazing become most influential, highlighting continuous anchorage, out-of-plane restraint, laminated glazing, and robust façade attachments; in S2 (fire), exterior walls, structural system, and façade materials dominate, underscoring low-flame-spread surfaces, smoke-control layers, and structural fire protection; in S3 (operations) and S4 (seismic), material weight consistently enters the top tier with the structural system and exterior walls, indicating the cross-cutting benefits of light-weighting for faster execution, easier debris handling and repair, and lower seismic demand. These results clarify trade-offs between safety, constructability, and recovery, and provide transparent rankings that can guide budget allocation under different hazard and operational emphases. Conclusion The proposed SWARA–SMART, scenario-calibrated framework offers a transparent and rapid pathway to prioritize materials and components in office buildings under multi-hazard constraints. By revealing a robust core (structural system + exterior walls) and scenario-specific levers (glazing/façade under blast/fire; light-weighting under operations/ seismic), the method enables targeted investment without dependence on a single case study. The framework is readily transferable to similar projects by reusing the criteria set and scoring protocol and can be extended with uncertainty treatment and performance-based testing in future applications. <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">این پژوهش یک چارچوب سریع و مصالح‌محور برای ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی آسیب‌پذیری مصالح در ساختمان‌های تجاری/اداری ارائه می‌کند که قضاوت خبرگان را با روش‌های <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">SWARA<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (برای وزن‌دهی معیارها) و <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">SMART<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> (برای امتیازدهی گزینه‌ها) تلفیق می‌کند؛ داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه دلفی با ۱۵ خبره گردآوری شده است. در مدل، هشت معیار شامل کاهش اثر انفجار، مقاومت در برابر آتش، عملکرد لرزه‌ای، تسهیل آواربرداری، مرمت‌پذیری، سرعت اجرا، پیچیدگی اجرا و هزینه تعریف و وارد تحلیل شد. افزون بر این، برای بازنمایی اقتضائات واقعی تصمیم‌گیری، کالیبراسیون سناریومحور (سناریوهای انفجار‌محور، آتش‌محور، عملیات‌محور و لرزه‌محور) به مدل افزوده شد تا حساسیتِ نتایج نسبت به الگوی خطر و الزامات بهره‌برداری سنجیده شود. وزن‌دهی <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">SWARA<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> نشان داد کاهش اثر انفجار بیشترین وزن (0.2531) را دارد و سپس مقاومت در برابر آتش (0.1947)، عملکرد لرزه‌ای (0.1693)، آواربرداری (0.1254)، هزینه (0.0963)، مرمت‌پذیری (0.0689)، سرعت اجرا (0.0530) و پیچیدگی اجرا (0.0393) قرار می‌گیرند. در سطح شاخص‌ها، شیشه در معیار انفجار، دکوراسیون داخلی در معیار آتش، و نوع سیستم سازه‌ای در معیارهای پیچیدگی، سرعت و هزینه شاخص‌ترین نقش را دارند؛ همچنین وزن (سبکی/سنگینی) مصالح در آواربرداری، مرمت‌پذیری و لرزه‌ای شاخصِ غالب است. به‌کارگیری مدل روی مطالعه موردی، شاخص آسیب‌پذیری مصالح ۶۰/۲۲<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">٪<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> را به‌دست داد که از منظر پدافند غیرعامل در طبقه متوسط قرار می‌گیرد. در جمع‌بندی، چارچوب پیشنهادی به طراحان و مدیران امکان می‌دهد انتخاب مصالح را شفاف، زمینه‌مند و قابل‌پیگیری انجام دهند؛ جایی‌که معیارهای انفجار و آتش اولویت دارند و سبک‌سازی هدفمند نیز به‌صورت میان‌بر مشترک برای آواربرداری، مرمت و بهبود پاسخ لرزه‌ای عمل می‌کند.<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732105_9400f5135ce1eb2afd4c7f1fd57d64b5.pdf