انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Formulation of Modeling Rules for Critical Regionalist Housing Architecture Focused on Patterns from the First and Second Pahlavi Period Using Machine Learning (Case Study: Mashhad) تدوین قواعد مدل‌یابی برای معماری مسکن منطقه‌گرای انتقادی متمرکز بر الگوهای دوره پهلوی اول و دوم به کمک یادگیری ماشین (نمونه موردی: شهر مشهد) 1 21 723923 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2053474.1164 FA محترم فاتحی دانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه هنر و معماری، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران 0009-0001-4418-5110 رضا میرزایی استادیار گروه معماری، گروه هنر و معماری، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران، 0000-0001-8769-0275 مهدی صحراگرد استادیار گروه معماری، گروه هنر و معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران احمد حیدری استادیار گروه معماری، گروه هنر و معماری، واحد بیرجند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بیرجند، ایران. 0000-0003-2572-5086 Journal Article 2025 02 15 Introduction The environment, housing, and buildings are human innovations in every culture and civilization, and one of the most important structures reflecting native architecture. This study aims to examine the modeling of housing architecture with a critical regionalism approach in residential houses from the Pahlavi I and II periods in Mashhad. Therefore, the research question is: How can the structure of criteria and classification be extracted as formulated rules (communal) in modeling housing architecture with a critical regionalism approach, emphasizing the architectural features of the Pahlavi I and II periods, and how impactful are the components in this classification? It is suggested that modern technology and sustainability hold the greatest importance in the structural critical regionalism of the physical-functional aspects of residential houses in Mashhad during the Pahlavi I and II periods, with the criterion of modern technology having the greatest impact. Methodology After analyzing the theories of experts in regionalism and critical regionalism, a diagram was drawn for the houses in Mashhad based on the views of Kenneth Frampton and experts. A total of 138 photographs were collected by the author, and after analyzing the data to obtain a qualitative and conceptual model, the model was evaluated.Using a closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire, the data was analyzed with SPSS software. To ensure the validity and reliability of the tools used, the Spearman test and Cronbach's alpha were employed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the type of analysis method and hypothesis testing, indicating that since the significance coefficient is zero, the type is determined to be non-parametric.The target population consists of senior architecture experts who are members of the engineering system in Mashhad, with the sample size determined based on Cochran's table. Results and discussion The main question is to identify and analyze the relationships among the model components. In response to this question, machine learning systems can be utilized. After compiling the relevant images, three groups and classification categories were determined: 1. Architecture without critical regionalism. 2. Critical regionalist architecture of the Pahlavi I period. 3. Critical regionalist architecture of the Pahlavi II period. After extracting the classes, which were validated by experts, the next step was to determine the main structural features for classification. Based on the conducted studies, further research, and consultations with experts, four features were identified as follows: 1. Symbolic and abstract. 2. Traditional and native. 3. Sustainability. 4. Modern technology. Chart 1- Ranking of the three classes of non-critical and critical regionalism in the houses of the Pahlavi I and II in Mashhad extracting the classes and features in Python, the data was coded for classification, and the graphical output is presented as follows: Chart 1 shows that for precise ranking of the mentioned three classes, modern technology can have the most significant share.Out of a total of 138 mined samples, 38 samples lacked regionalism, 50 samples fell into the category of critical regionalism from the Pahlavi I period, and 50 samples belonged to the Pahlavi II period of regionalism. Analyzed from another perspective regarding the classification rules of the tested data, shows that technology is the primary distinguishing factor for classifying the sub-branches, while sustainability is placed second among the criteria. The third-layered thinking system also indicates that modern technology and sustainability are the distinguishing criteria for the groups. it can be concluded that despite the three prevailing thoughts in machine learning, the two elements of modern technology and sustainability are prioritized. Again, the 138 observational houses rated on a nine-point Likert scale will be analyzed in the Pareto chart. After analyzing the input data, two conditions emerged as shown below. Chart 2 : Pareto Chart 3 : Pareto Chart 2 indicates that the group of non-critical regionalist architecture relies heavily on the symbolic and abstract criteria. traditional-indigenous (192.3), and modern technology (9.4) has a minimal role in determining the classification. In the same diagram, in the group of critical regionalisms from the Pahlavi I period (P.A.M), the contribution of the symbolic-abstract and sustainability criteria is very significant. The combined weight of the two criteria, modern technology (66.3) and traditional-native (138.5), does not even match one of the two mentioned criteria. In the classification of the Pahlavi I regionalism (P.D.M), there is not much difference compared to (P.A.M), with only modern technology (101.3) showing a noticeable increase. Chart 3 supports these findings. As shown, the contribution of the symbolic-abstract criterion is distinct in all three groups compared to the other three criteria. The removal of this factor could lead to disarray in the grouping structure. If a vertical line is drawn from P.A.M parallel to the y-axis, it becomes evident that the two groups P.A.M and P.D.M account for more than 87% of the impact. The N.M.E group does not play a significant role. Charts 2 and 3 help clarify: firstly, the contribution of each criterion is specified within each classification group. Secondly, the contributions of the two groups P.A.M and P.D.M are differentiated from N.M.E. Diagram 3 shows that from the perspective of critical regionalism, the Pahlavi I and II periods have nearly equal contributions to the group, and at times, it may not be possible to define a precise boundary for critical regionalist buildings in these two classes. Conclusion Given the advancements in modern technology and the significant importance of sustainability during the Pahlavi I and II periods, these two criteria are the most important aspects of critical regionalism in the structural-functional framework of residential houses in Mashhad during these periods. The characteristics of critical regionalism are ranked in three classes as follows: symbolic and abstract, traditional and native, sustainability, and modern technology, with modern technology taking the lead. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. یکی از مباحث مهم در معماری امروزی،توجه به معماری سنتی-بومی، معماری پایدار و اقلیم هر منطقه است. رویکرد منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی می‌تواند پاسخگوی نیازهای معماری امروزی، معرفی معماری معاصر، فرهنگ هر منطقه و نگاه به نسل آینده و توسعه‌ی پایدار باشد.این پژوهش در جهت پاسخ به مدل‌یابی معماری مسکن با رویکرد منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی با تاکید بر ویژگیهای معماری منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی خانه‌های سنتی مسکونی شهر مشهد در دوره‌ی پهلوی اول و دوم، و همچنین ارزیابی بار تاثیرگذاری مولفه‌های منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی بر این خانه‌ها مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. هدف از این پژوهش شناسایی و واکاوی روابط اجزای مدل است. در این پژوهش 138 خانه‌ی انتخابی که در درجه بندی از 1 تا 9 منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی قرار می‌گیرد، مورد ارزیابی غیر منطقه‌گرای انتقادی، منطقه‌گرای انتقادی پهلوی اول و منطقه‌گرای انتقادی پهلوی دوم واقع شده است؛با استفاده از تحلیل کیفی داده‌ها و بدست آوردن مدل کیفی و مفهومی، ارزیابی مدل انجام شده؛ و سپس با کمک سیستم یادگیری ماشین پس از استخراج کلاسه‌های طبقه‌بندی ویژگیهای اصلی ساختار و مشاوره با خبرگان، به طبقه‌بندی داده‌ها پرداخته و بار تاثیرگذاری این مولفه‌ها در خانه‌های سنتی مسکونی شهر مشهد در دوره‌ی پهلوی اول و دوم تعیین گردیده است. این پژوهش به این نتیجه می‌رسد با توجه به تحلیل کیفی داده‌ها ویژگیهای منطقه‌گرایی انتقادی در درجه‌بندی سه کلاسه دارای چهار ویژگی نمادین و انتزاعی،سنتی و بومی،پایداری و تکنولوژی نوین می‌باشد؛با وجود سه تفکر حاکم در یادگیری ماشین، دو عنصر تکنولوژی نوین و پایداری در رده‌های نخست قرار گرفته‌اند و بیشترین اهمیت را در معماری منطقه‌گرای این دوره‌ها دارند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723923_8dd0cd3b387d348f6895074e80109310.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Urban Management And Enhancement Of Public Spaces: A Framework For Inclusive And Sustainable Development In Iranian Metropolises مدیریت‌شهری و ارتقای فضاهای عمومی؛ چارچوبی برای توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران 22 37 724001 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2052170.1155 FA فوزیه خیاط‌کلیبر دانشجوی دکتری طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران آرش ثقفی‌اصل دانشیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0001-5627-2353 مسعود حق‌لسان استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد ایلخچی، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، ایلخچی، ایران. حسن ستاری‌ساربانقلی دانشیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0001-7556-3199 Journal Article 2025 02 10 Abstract The effective urban management, as the main foundation for sustainable development, plays a crucial role in shaping public spaces and enhancing the quality of life in urban communities. Specifically, urban management, as one of the key parameters in the inclusive and sustainable development of Iranian metropolises, plays a fundamental role in improving the quality and accessibility of public spaces. This research aims to develop a framework for the sustainable development and optimization of public spaces, focusing on analyzing the impact of three main parameters: "equitable access to public spaces," "quality of space design," and "environmental sustainability." The methodology used is a mixed-method approach, consisting of two parts: In the qualitative section, data were collected through document analysis, case studies, and in-depth interviews with 21 experts in urban management and planning. In the quantitative section, information was gathered by distributing questionnaires among 384 citizens, urban managers, and experts, and analyzed using SPSS software, with a focus on the statistical method (t-test). The results show that effective design and management of public spaces, emphasizing the principles of spatial justice, environmental quality improvement, and sustainability, have a significant impact on enhancing urban quality of life and increasing the resilience of metropolises. This study provides a practical framework for policymakers and urban managers to achieve inclusive and sustainable development in Iranian metropolises through improving the productivity of public spaces and strengthening institutional synergy. مدیریت‌شهری مؤثر، به‌عنوان بستر اصلی توسعۀ پایدار، نقشی حیاتی در شکل‌دهی به فضاهای عمومی و ارتقای کیفیت زندگی در جوامع شهری ایفاء می‌کند. به‌طورخاص، مدیریت‌شهری به‌مثابۀ یکی‌از پارامترهای کلیدی در توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار کلان‌شهرهای ایران، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت و دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی ایفاء می‌کند. این پژوهش باهدف تدوین چارچوبی برای توسعۀ پایدار و بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی، بر تحلیل تأثیر سه پارامتر اصلی شامل «دسترسی عادلانه به فضاهای عمومی»، «کیفیت طراحی فضاها»، و «پایداری محیطی»، متمرکز شده است. متدولوژی موردتبیین در قالب ترکیبی بوده و شامل دو قسمت است: در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها ازطریق تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات موردی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 21متخصص خبره در حوزۀ مدیریت‌شهری و برنامه‌ریزی گردآوری شد. و در بخش کمی، اطلاعات با توزیع پرسش‌نامه میان 384شهروند، مدیر و کارشناس شهری جمع‌آوری و با نرم‌افزار-(Spss)، و سپس باتمرکزبر روش‌ آماری (t-test)، تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طراحی و مدیریت اثربخش فضاهای عمومی، باتأکیدبر اصول عدالت فضایی، ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و پایداری، تأثیر چشمگیری بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری و افزایش تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهرها دارد. این مطالعه چارچوبی عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران شهری ارائه می‌دهد تا ازطریق بهبود بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی و تقویت هم‌افزایی نهادی، توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران محقق شود.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724001_18a25ee2cf42fbea526a04ef4686919a.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Protection of wheat silos, risk management and preventive measures حفاظت از سیلوهای گندم، مدیریت ریسک و اقدامات پیشگیرانه 38 54 724626 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2051682.1161 FA هادی باقریان پژوهشگر و کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی پدافندغیرعامل گرایش طراحی، دانشکده و پژوهشکده پدافند غیرعامل، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(علیه السلام)، تهران، ایران 0009-0006-3120-1325 سیدجواد هاشمی فشارکی استادیار، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(علیه السلام)، تهران، ایران سیداحمد مهدی نیا پژوهشگر و دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده و پژوهشکده پدافند غیرعامل، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(علیه السلام)، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 02 11 Urban areas, as densely populated human settlements, necessitate comprehensive security and safety measures across various dimensions, including physical infrastructure, social stability, economic resilience, cultural continuity, and administrative governance. The growing complexity of modern cities, coupled with increasing geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, and technological threats, underscores the critical need for robust risk mitigation strategies. Among these strategies, passive defense refers to a set of strategic measures designed to minimize human casualties and financial losses inflicted upon critical infrastructure, essential facilities, and sensitive military and civilian locations. Unlike active defense, which relies on direct military engagement, passive defense measures focus on proactive, preemptive actions to enhance urban resilience. These measures encompass a broad spectrum of techniques, including strategic site selection, structural fortification, dispersion, relocation, barrier implementation, camouflage, concealment, deception, mobility, and protective coverage. One of the most critical aspects of passive defense is ensuring the security and resilience of urban food storage facilities, such as silos and warehouses. These infrastructures play a pivotal role in maintaining food security and societal stability, particularly in times of crisis. Any potential threat to their integrity can have profound repercussions on national food supply systems, economic stability, and public health. Given their strategic significance, these storage facilities must be safeguarded against both conventional and unconventional threats, including terrorist attacks, cyber threats, natural disasters, supply chain disruptions, and contamination risks, to ensure continuous and reliable food distribution. According to Warden’s Five-Ring Model, food storage warehouses are categorized within the second ring, which represents essential systemic functions akin to power plants, refineries, heavy industries, fuel reservoirs, defense industries, ammunition depots, pharmaceutical supplies, and water distribution networks. This classification underscores their fundamental role in sustaining national infrastructure. The significance of these facilities extends beyond merely storing food; they act as key logistical hubs, enabling efficient food distribution in urban and rural areas. In the event of an emergency, whether due to war, economic sanctions, or natural calamities, the operational continuity of food storage facilities becomes a critical determinant of national resilience. This study employs risk assessment and management methodologies, utilizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) framework in conjunction with documentary research and field studies to evaluate the vulnerabilities of food storage silos. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these vulnerabilities, data collection involved on-site inspections, expert interviews, and structured questionnaires. The study’s statistical sample comprised 30 professionals specializing in various fields related to passive defense, occupational safety, and health management. Specifically, 10 participants were experts in passive defense strategies, while 3 specialists were selected from the field of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE). The collected data underwent rigorous analysis to identify, categorize, and prioritize risk factors, culminating in the formulation of an extensive index of vulnerability determinants associated with food storage silos. Findings from the analysis reveal that effective risk management within food storage silos constitutes a vital component of national infrastructure resilience. Identified threats include cyberattacks targeting silo management systems, physical threats such as explosions or fires, deliberate food contamination, hazardous chemical leaks, and deficiencies in regulatory oversight and safety monitoring. Given the multifaceted nature of these threats, the implementation of comprehensive security measures is imperative to enhance the resilience of food storage facilities and mitigate risks associated with potential crises. In response to these risks, several key strategies have been proposed to strengthen silo security. First, enhancing cybersecurity measures within silo management systems is essential, as cyber threats pose significant risks to the digital infrastructure that controls storage operations. The integration of blockchain technology for secure food supply chain tracking can further reduce vulnerabilities related to tampering or contamination. Second, investments in advanced surveillance systems, including AI-driven anomaly detection and real-time monitoring, can enhance situational awareness and allow for rapid response to potential threats. Third, the physical reinforcement of silos through improved structural materials and fire-resistant coatings can significantly increase their resilience against both man-made and natural disasters. Moreover, by integrating modern passive defense methodologies, fostering workforce awareness and training, leveraging advanced monitoring and control technologies, optimizing ventilation and storage conditions, and reinforcing structural integrity, this research underscores the necessity of proactive strategies in securing critical food storage infrastructures. The adoption of smart monitoring systems and digital innovations, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), can significantly enhance real-time surveillance and facilitate rapid preventive interventions in emergency scenarios. Additionally, automated inventory management systems can improve operational efficiency and reduce the likelihood of food spoilage due to poor oversight. Beyond technical measures, national and local policy frameworks must be restructured to reinforce food security and minimize dependence on external supply chains. One recommended approach is the strategic decentralization of food storage facilities, ensuring an even geographical distribution to mitigate the adverse effects of localized disruptions. The creation of emergency food reserves in multiple locations would further enhance resilience by preventing overreliance on a single, centralized supply network. Furthermore, fostering interagency collaboration among security organizations, emergency management entities, and food distribution networks is essential for establishing a robust and adaptive food storage system. This study serves as a foundational step toward a broader investigation into crisis management and passive defense strategies within food storage infrastructure. Given the spectrum of potential threats, developing long-term strategic policies for the protection and sustainability of these facilities is of paramount importance. The insights derived from this research aim to guide policymakers, security officials, and urban planners in implementing effective measures to enhance food storage security and mitigate the risks associated with emerging threats. Ultimately, these findings contribute to the formulation of comprehensive safety regulations and strategic frameworks designed to fortify food supply resilience on both national and global scales. By bridging technological advancements, security policies, and infrastructure development, this research highlights the critical need for interdisciplinary collaboration in food security planning. As cities continue to expand and global uncertainties intensify, the resilience of food storage infrastructure will remain a defining factor in national stability and crisis preparedness. Therefore, continued research, investment, and innovation in passive defense strategies are essential to safeguarding the future of food security in urban environments. این پژوهش به بررسی و ارزیابی روش‌های مدیریت ریسک و آسیب‌پذیری سیلوهای نگهداری غلات در یک اداره غله و خدمات بازرگانی با استفاده از مدل FEMA و بهره‌گیری از مطالعات اسنادی، بازدیدهای میدانی و نظرات کارشناسان می‌پردازد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی تهدیدات احتمالی، تعیین آسیب‌پذیری‌های سیلو و ارائه راهکارهایی جهت ارتقای امنیت آن بوده است. بر اساس یافته‌های تحقیق، تهدیدات اولویت‌دار شامل حملات بیولوژیکی، سایبری، تروریستی، موشکی، خرابکاری فنی و هوایی شناسایی شدند که از میان آن‌ها، حملات موشکی بالاترین ریسک را برای سیلوهای گندم به همراه دارند. همچنین، بر اساس ارزیابی انجام شده، آسیب‌پذیری‌های موجود در بخش‌های مختلف سیلو شناسایی و راهکارهایی برای کاهش ریسک، ازجمله مقاوم‌سازی سازه‌ای، اقدامات پدافند غیرعامل (برقی، مکانیکی و کالبدی)، همچنین اقدامات مدیریتی و منابع انسانی درنظر گرفته شد. این اقدامات شامل نصب سیستم‌های امنیتی، استفاده از مواد ضد باکتری، ایجاد ساختارهای مقاوم در برابر انفجار و برنامه‌های آموزشی برای کارکنان می باشد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که با تحلیل دقیق تهدیدات، ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری و به‌کارگیری راهکارهای مدیریتی، می‌توان سطح امنیت سیلوهای گندم را به‌طور چشمگیری ارتقاء داد. این مطالعه می‌تواند به عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین سیاست‌ها و اقدامات کلان در جهت حفاظت از دارایی‌ها و منابع حیاتی در بخش‌های مشابه مورد استفاده قرار گیرد و تأکید دارد که یک رویکرد جامع مدیریت ریسک برای امنیت سیلوها، ضروری است.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724626_02d5211e0720a381e956a964844acb2f.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Effects of Environmental Attributes on Perceived Safety: A Case Study in Kashan تاثیر ویژگی های کالبدی محیط بر احساس امنیت: مورد پژوهی بافت شهر کاشان 55 79 724676 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2056691.1177 FA صالحه بخارائی استادیار معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-2373-2557 فائزه تفرشی پژوهشگر دوره دکتری ، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-8638-2358 Journal Article 2025 03 27 Introduction As the population grows and lifestyles change, urban societies are expanding. The concentration of population in cities for various reasons such as job opportunities, ease of access and meeting life's needs necessitates attention to the study of residential design principles at various scales. Safety, as a fundamental need, is a quality of the environment that, if achieved, ensures the presence of individuals in the environment, and if the environment is perceived as unsafe, the most important qualitative aspect of the environment is compromised, and people will be forced to flee. Efforts to identify the effective components of safety in different scales of environmental design and extract practical patterns to other urban spaces require comprehensive studies. This research aims to explore the safety patterns of residential complexes through an emphasis on environmental and human factors affecting safety in the urban fabric of Kashan. Methodology Three neighborhoods (Kohneh Square, Shamekhi Mosque, and Najiabad) in the city of Kashan, where safety of the fabric was matter, were selected. In each of the three neighborhoods, individuals were randomly selected for interview. Interviews continued until the information became repetitive and reached theoretical saturation. In the limited traditional fabric, 9 interviews (6 women and 3 men), in the middle fabric 11 interviews (6 women and 5 men), and in the new fabric of Najiabad neighborhood, 14 interviews (9 women and 5 men) were conducted. After transcription the interviews, open, axial, and selective coding were conducted. Based on the coding performed on the interviews in each neighborhood, features and components related to safety were extracted. Through comparing the three neighborhoods and examining the similarities and differences in comparison with the theoretical foundations, data analysis was performed. Results and discussion The influential factors on the safety of the historical fabric include neighborly relations and their recognition, proximity to the city center, appropriate lighting, the presence of a central mosque and its programs, the lifestyle pattern of some old residents, alleyway living, low number of vacant units, residents' surveillance of the neighborhood, and the presence and dispersion of elements such as schools, mosques, etc. The influential factors in the unsafety of this area include the long distance between house doors, frequent alleyway breaks, lack of small shops, solid walls (few open houses), distance from the main street, low traffic in secondary alleys, anonymity and unpredictability of alleys, presence of some ruined units, accommodation of non-native residents, lifestyle patterns and people's living hours. In the middle fabric (Shamekhi Mosque neighborhood), the influential factors on safety include proximity to main axes, neighborhood elements such as schools, Sepah building, neighbors' surveillance, alley guards, long history of residence of most residents and absence of abandoned units, safety equipment and home surveillance cameras, sufficient lighting, and factors such as unequal width of streets, many two-story units, gradual change in fabric over time, lack of small shops, more than two breaks in alleys, neighborhood's reputation for wealth, low traffic in secondary alleys, anonymity and unpredictability of alleys, allocation of a street to schools and offices with morning to noon employment, presence of large-scale units and long walls, non-level streets affecting the unsafety of the fabric. In the new fabric, the influential factors on the safety of the new fabric include predictable urban design pattern, municipal reforms, neighborhood elements such as schools and sports fields, presence of law enforcement and police patrols, high traffic, open houses and proximity to house doors, dispersion of small shops, proximity to main and secondary axes, night gatherings and self-organized religious ceremonies in the neighborhood, absence of ruined and old units in the neighborhood area, division of the area into blocks of ten to twenty houses with a chessboard pattern, approximate recognition and face-to-face interaction of residents in each alley, neighborhood life and simultaneous living of different social classes in terms of wealth and financial power. Factors that were effective in the unsafety of the new fabric include darkness and lack of sufficient lighting, park design and layout pattern, units under construction, vacant lands, low traffic, presence of specific uses such as addiction treatment center, location in the border fabric of Kashan, reduced level of recognition and neighborly relations, presence of large-scale units and long walls, and ongoing development projects. Conclusion The results of this research show that the physical environment can be an effective factor in improving or weakening safety. The different factors found in each of the three neighborhoods and their alignment with theories in the field of environmental safety show that environmental characteristics such as climate and geography, rout legibility, appropriate distribution of non-residential uses, neighboring units, rout lighting, providing auditory spaces, presence of surveillance uses, appropriate façade transparency, and control of abandoned and ruined units have a significant impact on environmental safety. یکی از پایه‌ای‌ترین نیازهای انسانی امنیت است. توجه به این نیاز در جریان گسترش ابعاد شهرها اهمیت بیشتری می یابد. امنیت در سطوح مختلف از جانب اصحاب دانش مورد بررسی و بحث قرار گرفته و یافته‌ها عمدتا به ارائه راهبردها و سیاست‌های کلی محدود شده و به تدوین الگوها، راهکارها و ضوابط عملیاتی منطبق با زمینه منتج نشده است. این پژوهش با مطالعات ذیل مفهوم امنیت، پس از جمع‌آوری داده‌های میدانی از طریق مصاحبه عمیق با 34 نفر از ساکنین سه محله از بافت‌ مسکونی شهر کاشان –که در نقاط حساس طیف امنیت قرار داشتند- ویژگی های انسانی و محیطی مفهوم امنیت را جستجو می نماید. این پژوهش، با تحلیل محتوا، پس از کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی، مولفه‌های محیطی و انسانی موثر بر امنیت از دیدگاه کاربران محیط را شناسایی و با انطباق آن با تئوری ها و نظریه های مرتبط، وجوه و حدود این صفت محیطی را تبیین و مولفه های کالبدی عامل ارتقاء امنیت در بافت های مسکونی ارائه نمود. بر اساس یافته های این پژوهش، اقلیم و جغرافیا، خوانایی مسیر، کاربری های عمومی؛ واحد همسایگی، روشنایی معبر، فضای شنیداری، کاربری های نظارتی، صلبیت جداره و واحد های رهاشده و بایر به عنوان مولفه های کالبدی در بافت های محله مسکونی بر احساس امنیت موثر هستند. نتایج این پژوهش معماران و طراحان را در جریان آسیب شناسی و طراحی محلات مسکونی حساس می نماید.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724676_c4c8c3ae06f19641e96f65e37f0ba2df.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Evaluation the per capita availability level of services land uses with the approach of enhancing resilience against Covid-19 (case study: Tehran metropolitan area) ارزیابی میزان برخورداری مناطق شهری از سرانه کاربری‌های خدماتی با رویکرد ارتقاء تاب‌آوری در برابر کووید-19 (مورد مطالعاتی: کلانشهر تهران) 80 101 724838 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2054112.1166 FA محمدحسین پورحسن زاده گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0003-4604-743X مجتبی آراسته استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-0081-6494 Journal Article 2025 02 22 Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), assessed by the United Nations as the biggest challenge facing the whole human since the World War II, has triggered extensive scientific research from various perspectives. Urban characteristics, such as city size, density, geographic distance to the domestic epicenter and health infrastructure, have large impacts on resilience of a city against the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. While infectious diseases have occurred with increasing frequencies in cities in recent decades, there is still significant knowledge shortage concerning the role of urban characteristics in city’s epidemic resilience. In an urban resilience perspective, urban preparedness and emergency governance for infectious diseases has shown many loopholes and difficulties facing the challenge of COVID-19. Deeper understanding of urban resilience for health urgency events can not only help to guide post-disaster socioeconomic recovery, but also inform key factors and issues necessary to be taken care of for the next coming pandemic disasters. Different with natural disasters whose durations are usually not in the hand of human control, pandemic disaster impacts vary greatly in time duration depending on urban preparedness and intervention measures. The differences can be attributed to factors including population density and connectivity, emergency data and governance capability, information validation and dissemination, as well as citizen and community engagement. Comparative studies of COVID-19 situation across cities can add knowledge to the resilience framework regarding pandemic mitigation measures. Such evaluations would help city planners, policy-makers, and managers to understand better the current resilience level of cities against pandemic disasters. To provide empirical knowledge on factors that affecting a city’s pandemic disaster resilience, this paper analyzes the effects of service availability on the urban resilience against Covid-19 in Tehran city. Methodology The method of this research is based an applied type and descriptive-analytical approach with quantitative techniques. Data and information in this research were obtained using two library-documentary and field methods; In order to compile research literature and extract components and indicators, library-documentary studies including related books and articles. The data extracted through field observations in the form of interviews with the expert community (including 10 experts for weighting and prioritizing indicators) and per capita service uses extracted from the detailed plans of the 22 districts of Tehran were obtained. The indicators used in this research included 8 commercial, sports, recreational, health-treatment, park and green space, administrative, cultural and educational services. Finally, data analysis has been done using the combined SWARA-COPRAS model. Results and discussion The results show that there is no justice in the provision of service uses per capita in the regions of Tehran, and the system of having these types of land uses and the inequality coefficient are severe in the 22 districts of Tehran; The three districts 22, 1 and 3 of the city have the highest number of service per capita, so it can be said that these areas are more self-sufficient than other areas of Tehran, the residents of these areas need to travel during the outbreak of Covid-19 to provide their basic needs. This fact shows the possibility of being infected is less for these residents and also more resilience in emergency and quarantine conditions. The five districts 2, 6, 11, 19 and 12 have the second rank of having service users per capita and have an average status in terms of self-sufficiency and resilience against Covid-19. Other districts of Tehran city (including rest of the others) are in an inappropriate situation against Covid-19 with low per capita service users; The welfare of these areas is very low and the residents have to go to other areas to provide their basic and essential needs and travel more distances and more mobility, which increases the possibility of them contracting Covid-19, so it can be said that this category of districts under emergency and quarantine conditions show less resilience against Covid-19. Conclusion The results of this study can be a good guide for the urban management of Tehran metropolis area in order to provide the lack of per capita service users in the low-income districts and also to balance the distribution of these users in the city of Tehran in order to increase the self-sufficiency of districts and improve the resiliency of them. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper با توجه به نقش حیاتی کاربری‌های خدماتی در پاسخگویی به نیازهای اساسی و ضروری شهروندان، دسترسی عادلانه، متوازن و مطلوب مناطق شهری به این خدمات و توزیع فضایی هوشمندانه و استراتژیک آن‌ها، نه تنها به رفاه عمومی شهروندان کمک می‌کند، بلکه بر ارتقاء و بهبود تاب‌آوری شهری در مواجهه با مخاطرات محیطی، به‌ویژه شیوع بیماری‌های مسری و دیگر بحران‌های بهداشتی، تأثیرگذار است. برنامه‌ریزی شهری کارآمد در این زمینه با تمرکز بر توزیع بهینه خدمات در سطح محله‌ها و مناطق، می‌تواند نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و تقویت سلامت و امنیت عمومی ایفا کند. در این راستا، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی میزان برخورداری مناطق 22گانه شهر تهران از سرانه کاربری‌های خدماتی به‌منظور ارتقاء تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر بحران‌های بهداشتی مانند بیماری‌های همه‌گیر، از جمله کووید-19، است. پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر داده‌های کمی گردآوری شده از طرح‌ها و آمارنامه‌های موجود می‌باشد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با کاربست مدل ترکیبی SWARA-COPRAS صورت گرفته است و جهت ترسیم نقشه‌ها از نرم افزار GIS استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داده است که عدالت در برخورداری از سرانه کاربری‌های خدماتی در کلانشهر تهران رعایت نشده است و متأثر از توزیع نامتعادل و نابرابر سرانه این کاربری‌ها در سطح مناطق ۲۲گانه کلانشهر تهران، میزان خودکفایی مناطق و در پی آن، سطح تاب‌آوری شهروندان هر منطقه در مواجهه با شرایط اضطراری و دوره‌های قرنطینه ناشی از همه‌گیری کووید-19 متفاوت می‌باشد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724838_e01a62e45da9448de9eded94b55d0d61.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Identifying the components of a smart resilient city for sustainability Biocomplexes شناسایی مؤلفه‌های شهر تاب آور هوشمند جهت پایداری مجتمع‌های زیستی 102 133 725655 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2042017.1135 FA محمد شیخی دانشیار، گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و توسعه منطقه‌ای، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران محمود جمعه پور استاد، گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و توسعه منطقه‌ای، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران اسماعیل پیری دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و توسعه منطقه‌ای، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران 0009-0003-3089-1916 Journal Article 2024 09 26 Cities, as the largest biological complexes, are classified as dynamic, complex and multifaceted systems. On the one hand, these areas are exposed to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, plate movements and landslides, etc. which has affected the citizens with an increasing and alarming speed. On the other hand, we are witnessing the increasing number of problems such as the expansion of marginalization and the physical growth of cities, the increase in population and the imbalance and inconsistency with the constructions that have been formed and Unregulated exploitation of land resources, conflict of new management with traditional structure, weakness of laws and its shortcomings, social segregation and the existence of socio-spatial inequalities, air pollution, car traffic and many such cases. Dealing with natural hazards in cities, urban resilience and smartening of cities are suggested to overcome the created problems.The purpose of this research is to integrate the concepts of urban resilience and smart city and to introduce and identify the components, dimensions and characteristics of the new concept of smart resilient city.The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose, and a systematic review (systematic review) is used for the research strategy. In this research, in order to investigate and identify the history, goals, components and dimensions of the smart resilient city by searching in international scientific and research databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest, etc. Relevant and valid data have been collected to conduct the research.By examining the conducted researches, it is understood that in the world literature, the concepts of resilient city and smart city have been raised mainly in research and academic literature since the early 2010s, and after this period, various researches have been compiled alternately. Most of the researches that have been conducted in areas such as the definitions of these concepts, their dimensions, criteria and indicators and refer to the ranking of cities based on urban resilience and smart city indicators. Also, since 2015, these two concepts, i.e. urban resilience and smart city, have been examined together.The result of the research indicates that by examining the conducted research, it is understood that these two concepts are complementary to each other and can create synergy with each other.Cities, as the largest biological complexes, are classified as dynamic, complex and multifaceted systems. On the one hand, these areas are exposed to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, plate movements and landslides, etc. which has affected the citizens with an increasing and alarming speed. On the other hand, we are witnessing the increasing number of problems such as the expansion of marginalization and the physical growth of cities, the increase in population and the imbalance and inconsistency with the constructions that have been formed and Unregulated exploitation of land resources, conflict of new management with traditional structure, weakness of laws and its shortcomings, social segregation and the existence of socio-spatial inequalities, air pollution, car traffic and many such cases. Dealing with natural hazards in cities, urban resilience and smartening of cities are suggested to overcome the created problems.The purpose of this research is to integrate the concepts of urban resilience and smart city and to introduce and identify the components, dimensions and characteristics of the new concept of smart resilient city.The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose, and a systematic review (systematic review) is used for the research strategy. In this research, in order to investigate and identify the history, goals, components and dimensions of the smart resilient city by searching in international scientific and research databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest, etc. Relevant and valid data have been collected to conduct the research.By examining the conducted researches, it is understood that in the world literature, the concepts of resilient city and smart city have been raised mainly in research and academic literature since the early 2010s, and after this period, various researches have been compiled alternately. Most of the researches that have been conducted in areas such as the definitions of these concepts, their dimensions, criteria and indicators and refer to the ranking of cities based on urban resilience and smart city indicators. Also, since 2015, these two concepts, i.e. urban resilience and smart city, have been examined together.The result of the research indicates that by examining the conducted research, it is understood that these two concepts are complementary to each other and can create synergy with each other. شهرها در معرض یک سری تهدیدهای بیرونی و ضعف‌های داخلی می‌باشند. تهدیدهای بیرونی همان مخاطرات محیطی هستند و از ضعف‌های داخلی می‌توان به حاشیه‌نشینی، بهره‌برداری بی‌ضابطه از منابع زمین، جدایی گزینی اجتماعی و فضایی، آلودگی هوا و ترافیک اشاره کرد. در ادبیات جهانی جهت کم کردن اثر تهدیدهای بیرونی یا همان مخاطرات محیطی شهرها را تاب آور می‌کنند و همچنین برای کاهش مشکلات داخلی شهرها از هوشمندی بهره می‌گیرند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی مؤلفه‌های شهر تاب آور هوشمند می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف اکتشافی است و جهت استراتژی پژوهش از مرور سیستماتیک (مرور نظام‌مند) استفاده می‌شود. در این پژوهش جهت بررسی و شناسایی تاریخچه، اهداف، مؤلفه‌ها و ابعاد شهر تاب آور هوشمند با جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی علمی و پژوهشی معتبر بین‌المللی مانند وب آو ساینس، اسکوپوس، ساینس دایرکت، گوگل اسکالر، پروکوست و ... پژوهش‌های مرتبط و معتبر جهت انجام پژوهش جمع‌آوری‌شده‌اند. درنهایت مؤلفه‌های مشارکت، شبکه‌سازی، کارایی، نوآوری، انسجام اجتماعی، محیط زیستی، برابری، سازگاری، یادگیری، همیاری، آگاهی، تنوع، انعطاف‌پذیری و خلاقیت به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌های شهرتاب آور هوشمند استخراج شدند و در پایان مؤلفه‌های استخراج‌شده با استفاده از روش دلفی در اختیار ده نفر از متخصصان قرار گرفت و درجه اهمیت آنها سنجیده شد.شهرها در معرض یک سری تهدیدهای بیرونی و ضعف‌های داخلی می‌باشند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_725655_07fb6058491360fee90d03f937f0d5b6.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Modeling Residential Building Energy Consumption Management based on BIM Platform and Deep Learning Method مدلسازی مدیریت مصرف انرژی ساختمان مسکونی بر پایه بستر BIM و روش یادگیری عمیق 134 154 724871 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2056162.1173 FA سلمان ملکی گروه مهندسی عمران، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0009-0005-0755-5521 توحید پوررستم دانشیار مدیریت ساخت، گروه مهندسی عمران، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. محسن جعفری ندوشن استادیار مدیریت ساخت، گروه مهندسی عمران، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 03 18 The management of energy consumption in residential buildings has been of great importance in the last decades, and the current debate on energy imbalance is also due to the lack of attention to this debate in previous years. Building Information Modeling (BIM), as one of the new technologies in the construction industry, provides the ability to analyze and optimize energy consumption by providing a digital building model. This article is a multi-stage research to complete the present research method. First, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) platform was completed, and then this platform was used to complete the database of applied deep learning methods. In this study, Design Builder software version 7.3 was used to simulate the thermal load, lighting energy consumption, and heating of educational buildings. Different neural networks were used in this research to implement the best deep learning method. Deep learning methods such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and other neural networks such as LSTM and XGBoost were used to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the model. The learning curves also indicated effective learning and high generalizability of the models. Finally, the most appropriate deep learning structure was introduced with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. This research showed that the use of BIM and its integration with advanced tools and techniques, such as energy simulation and optimization algorithms, has a significant impact on reducing energy consumption and increasing building efficiency, and emphasizes the importance of accurate data and intelligent design. This research focused on optimizing the energy consumption of buildings and was carried out in several phases using different techniques and tools. In the first phase, AutoCAD drawings were transferred to DesignBuilder software to estimate the annual energy consumption of the building. In this phase, standard materials and data related to topic 19 were used. This process served as a basis for subsequent analyses and providing energy consumption optimization solutions. Subsequently, by integrating smart windows and smart shades, an attempt was made to reduce energy consumption in various sectors. The implementation of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method for optimizing the energy consumption of air conditioning (HVAC) systems was carried out using PYTHON software. First, the database was collected according to Table (1) for the required data. Then, coding was done using Python software and the results of the coding. Implementation of the deep learning method are presented. For training and implementation of the neural network, the following data is collected. The results indicate a significant reduction in annual energy consumption, which can lead to improved energy efficiency and cost savings. Comparing the results with the first phase, the energy consumption for lighting has decreased from 88.08 MWh to 52.58 MWh, which is equivalent to a 40.3% annual decrease, which is a significant change. On the other hand, the heating load has increased by 9% from 74.6 to 86.44 MWh, while the cooling load has decreased by 10% from 107.43 to 95.21 MWh; this decrease is due to the reduction in heat generated by the lamps. The results in this table show that the ANFIS neural network has greater accuracy and efficiency than the SVM. It is worth noting that in terms of coding complexity and coding execution, the SVM network has more advantages. Also, the combination of two types of neural networks has had a significant impact on increasing the accuracy of deep learning modeling, bringing the correlation coefficient to 0.98. The results showed that this integration reduced the lighting energy consumption by 40.3% and the cooling load by 10%, while the heating load increased by about 9% due to the reduction in the heat generated by the lamps. The values of the equipment electricity consumption (Room Electricity) and domestic hot water (DHW) did not change, but overall these changes improved energy efficiency without major negative effects. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to determine the best location of the cooling equipment. This algorithm identified the optimal coordinates considering the thermal comfort points (25 °C). However, some of the proposed coordinates were outside the acceptable room space, highlighting the need for position corrections. These corrections led to more accurate solutions with favorable approximations during algorithm execution. Finally, this research comprehensively demonstrated that the use of advanced techniques such as intelligent systems integration and optimization algorithms can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and increased energy efficiency in buildings. Also, these results emphasize the importance of accurate input data and smart design to achieve effective and sustainable results. The results obtained showed that the proposed hybrid model has high accuracy and can be well used in predicting and managing energy consumption patterns of buildings. In addition to increasing the prediction accuracy, this model showed more flexibility than traditional methods and was able to examine the impact of variables such as temperature, humidity, and lighting hours on energy consumption more accurately. مدیریت مصرف انرژی در ساختمان مسکونی در دهه‌های اخیر از اهمیت بسیار بالایی برخوردار بوده و بحث ناترازی انرژی در حال حاضر نیز به دلیل عدم توجه به این بحث در سالیان گذشته می‌باشد. مدل‌سازی اطلاعات ساختمان (BIM) به‌عنوان یکی از فناوری‌های نوین در صنعت ساخت‌وساز، با ارائه مدل دیجیتال ساختمان، امکان تحلیل و بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی را فراهم می‌کند. این مقاله یک پژوهش چند مرحله‌ای جهت تکمیل روش تحقیق حاضر است. ابتدا بستر مدلسازی اطلاعات ساختمان (BIM) تکمیل شده و سپس از این بستر برای تکمیل بانک اطلاعاتی روشهای یادگیری عمیق کاربردی استفاده شده است. در این مطالعه، از نرم‌افزار Design Builder نسخه 7.3 برای شبیه‌سازی بار حرارتی، مصرف انرژی روشنایی و گرمایش ساختمان‌های آموزشی استفاده شد. شبکه‌های عصبی متنوعی در این تحقیق استفاده شده‌اند تا بهترین روش یادگیری عمیق معرفی گردد. روشهای یادگیری عمیق مانند ماشین بردار پشتیبان (SVM)، سیستم استنتاج فازی- عصبی تطبیقی (ANFIS) و شبکه‌های عصبی دیگر مانند LSTM و XGBoost برای افزایش دقت و کارایی مدل به کار رفته‌اند. در نهایت مناسبترین ساختار یادگیری عمیق با ضریب همبستگی 98/0 معرفی شده است. این تحقیق نشان داد که استفاده از BIM و ادغام آن با ابزارها و تکنیک‌های پیشرفته مانند شبیه‌سازی انرژی و الگوریتم‌های بهینه‌سازی، تأثیر چشمگیری در کاهش مصرف انرژی و افزایش بهره‌وری ساختمان دارد و بر اهمیت داده‌های دقیق و طراحی هوشمندانه تأکید دارد.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724871_0ab9356fa1e6223464f40992e4bff204.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 The risk assessment process of a sample combined cycle power plant against deliberate man-made threats. فرآیند ارزیابی ریسک یک نیروگاه چرخه ترکیبی نمونه در برابر تهدیدات انسان‌ساخت عمدی 155 177 724967 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2059141.1182 FA مصطفی غضنفری دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه عالی دفاع ملی 0009-0002-4906-2133 غلامرضا جلالی فراهانی دانشگاه عالی دفاع ملی Journal Article 2025 05 01 The electricity industry is a highly important infrastructure and a vital prerequisite for the advancement of economic, social, and welfare sectors in all communities and countries. The availability of highly reliable electricity always plays a significant role in the growth of these areas. Thermal power plants, with a 94% share, are considered the main source of electrical energy production in the country and are one of the three pillars of the critical electricity infrastructure. Due to the dependence of other infrastructures on this one, they are always regarded as one of the most appealing targets for attacks. Therefore, if the weaknesses of existing thermal power plants against the spectrum of conceivable threats are not addressed, and if these weaknesses are repeated in future plants, ensuring their continued operation in the event of such threats will likely be highly improbable. Risk assessment is the first step in identifying and addressing the vulnerabilities of this infrastructure. The research method of the present study, aimed at assessing the risk of a sample combined cycle power plant against deliberate human-made threats, is descriptive-analytical. To collect and analyze data, a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative) was chosen. In the phase of identifying deliberate human-made threats to power plants, a library method (qualitative) was used, and in the risk assessment section, a questionnaire method (quantitative) based on the FEMA risk assessment method was implemented, with the statistical population selected according to the Delphi method. According to the findings of the research, among the components of the power plant, the turbo-generator buildings, the central control building, and the ancillary facilities have the highest level of risk against conceivable threats, and risk reduction measures are essential for them. The electricity industry is considered a critical infrastructure and a vital prerequisite for the advancement of economic, social, and welfare sectors in all communities and countries. The availability of highly reliable electricity consistently plays a significant role in the growth of these areas. Thermal power plants, with a 94% share, are regarded as the primary source of electrical energy production in the country and are one of the three pillars of critical electricity infrastructure. Given the dependence of other infrastructures on this one, they are always among the most attractive targets for attacks. Therefore, if the weaknesses of existing thermal power plants against the spectrum of conceivable threats are not addressed, and if these weaknesses are repeated in future plants, ensuring their continued operation in the event of such threats will likely be highly improbable. Passive defense is viewed as a foundation for sustainable development and one of the most effective and resilient methods of defense against threats. Essentially, passive defense measures encompass various sectors, including energy infrastructure. This type of defense pursues five central objectives: increasing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, ensuring the continuity of essential activities, enhancing national stability, and facilitating crisis management in the face of threats and military actions. Among the most important measures to achieve these objectives is the effective protection against deliberate human-made threats. This study aims to create the necessary groundwork for effective actions in risk reduction by assessing the risk of a sample power plant against human-made threats. The present research seeks to identify fundamental human-made threats in the components of a power plant. Accordingly, the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect and analyze data in a study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches can be utilized. In this research, a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative) has been chosen. In the phase of identifying deliberate human-made threats facing power plants, a library method (qualitative) was used, while in the risk assessment section, a questionnaire method (quantitative) based on the FEMA risk assessment method was employed. The statistical population of each study can be selected using three general methods: (1) probabilistic methods, which are scientifically valid and known as random methods, (2) non-probabilistic methods, known as judgmental methods, and (3) expert or Delphi methods. In the current research, the Delphi method was used for selection. A combined cycle power plant consists of several gas turbines and a steam turbine. In this type of power plant, a heat recovery boiler is used to utilize the heat present in the exhaust gases from the gas turbines, which can reach temperatures of up to 660 degrees Celsius, to generate the steam needed for the steam turbines. This combination significantly increases the plant's efficiency (in Class E combined cycle plants, efficiency reaches about 54%, in Class F it reaches 58%, and in Class J it reaches approximately 62%). Additionally, the advantages of gas turbines, such as rapid startup and flexibility across a wide load range, can be leveraged. For this reason, many base-load power plants that use natural gas as fuel are currently of the combined cycle type. صنعت برق یک زیرساخت‌های بااهمیت بالا و پیش نیاز مهمی در پیشرفت حوزه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و رفاهی در کلیه جوامع و کشورها محسوب می‌شود و در دسترس بودن برق با قابلیت اطمینان بالا، همواره نقش بسزایی در رشد حوزه‌های مذکور دارد. نیروگاه‌های حرارتی با سهم 94 درصدی به عنوان اصلی‌ترین منبع تولید انرژی الکتریکی کشور ، یکی از ارکان سه گانه زیرساخت حیاتی برق به شمار می‌روند و با توجه به وابستگی سایر زیرساخت‌ها به این زیرساخت، همواره یکی از جذاب‌ترین اهداف تهاجم به شمار می‌روند. از همین رو، در صورتی که نقاط ضعف نیروگاه‌های حرارتی موجود در برابر طیف تهدیدات متصور، برطرف نشده و در نیروگاه‌های آتی نیز این نقاط ضعف تکرار گردد، تضمین تداوم کارکرد آن‌ها در صورت رخداد تهدیدات مذکور با احتمال بالایی همراه نخواهد بود و ارزیابی ریسک اولین گام در تحقق شناسایی رفع نقاط ضعف این زیرساخت می‌باشد. روش پژوهش حاضر که با هدف ارزیابی ریسک یک نیروگاه چرخه ترکیبی نمونه در برابر تهدیدات انسان‌ساخت عمدی تدوین شده است، توصیفی - تحلیلی می‌باشد. به منظور گردآوری و تحلیل داده‌ها در این پژوهش روش ترکیبی (کمی - کیفی) انتخاب شده است. در مرحله شناسایی تهدیدات انسان‌ساخت عمدی پیش روی نیروگاه‌ها از روش کتابخانه‌ای (کیفی)، و در بخش ارزیابی ریسک از روش پرسش‌نامه (کمی) مبتنی بر روش ارزیابی ریسک FEMA استفاده گردید و جامعه آماری آن بر اساس روش دلفی برگزیده شدند. بر اساس یافته‌های تحقیق، در بین اجزای نیروگاه، ساختمان‌های توربوژنراتور، کنترل مرکزی و تأسیسات جانبی دارای بالاترین میزان ریسک در برابر تهدیدات متصور می‌باشند.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724967_cea925d307c268bb11831fa7378c75bd.pdf

انجمن علمی پدافند غیرعامل ایران شهر ایمن 2676-556X 9 1 2026 04 21 Exploring the Childhood Neighborhoods: A Study of Adults' Childhood Experiences (A Case Study: The City of Sanandaj) تبیین محله کودکی؛ جستاری در تجربیات کودکی بزرگسالان (مطالعه موردی: شهر سنندج) 178 201 725086 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2056241.1174 FA نینا قصلانی گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی 0000-0002-3099-0872 آزاده آقالطیفی گروه معماری دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی 0000-0003-2197-7307 مرجان السادات نعمتی‌مهر گروه برنامه ریزی و طراحی مجتمع زیستی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید‌بهشتی 0000-0002-9105-4981 حمید ندیمی گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید‌بهشتی 0000-0001-7053-4022 Journal Article 2025 03 18 Introduction Childhood neighborhoods play a pivotal role in children's social development, interactions, and the formation of long-term memories. As primary environments for social engagement and exploration, these neighborhoods offer unique experiences that significantly shape the mental and emotional framework of individuals in adulthood. However, widespread changes in social, economic, and urban structures—such as rapid urbanization, the decline of play areas, heightened safety concerns, and the rise of digital technologies—have diminished children’s interactions with their neighborhoods, weakening their developmental impact. These changes underscore the importance of re-examining and rediscovering the essence of childhood neighborhoods. Focusing on the city of Sanandaj—renowned for its unique physical structure and diverse hills—this study aims to identify the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods through the lens of adults who spent their formative years in these spaces. By exploring the memories and experiences of these individuals, the study seeks to provide urban planners and designers with fresh perspectives for creating meaningful and lasting environments for children. Such spaces would not only resonate in children's memories but also enhance their quality of life in the future. The outcomes of this research can also contribute to designing environments that foster a sense of belonging, social interaction, and a deeper connection with one's surroundings. Methodology The research methodology employed a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis, deemed appropriate for identifying the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods from the perspectives of adults who experienced these environments. Data was collected through 30 in-depth interviews using purposive sampling. The sampling criteria included being born and having spent childhood in Sanandaj, diversity in age and neighborhood types, and active participation in the neighborhood during childhood. Data analysis involved coding and was carried out using the MAXQDA22 software. Additionally, the researcher conducted field visits to the spaces mentioned by participants or similar environments for validation purposes by observing and documenting them. To strengthen the connection between the data and child psychology theories, feedback from experts in this field was incorporated, aligning the final findings with scientific principles and key concepts of child psychology. Results and discussion The study explores the rich and diverse meanings of childhood neighborhoods based on seven themes: security, sensory richness, childhood home, mystery, walkability and cyclability, and compatibility with nature. Green spaces such as parks, fruit trees, and house yards have been identified as influential factors in the emotional and cognitive development of children. Additionally, the unique physical structure of Sanandaj, with its sloped alleys and geographical variations, has created diverse experiences for children. However, limitations such as steep inclines and street traffic have hindered some activities, encouraging children to seek safer spaces for play.Childhood memories include interactions with both adults and peers in neighborhoods. However, factors such as the presence of young adults in certain spaces or narrow, winding alleys could create a sense of insecurity and momentary fear. Additionally, traditional neighborhoods and organizational housing, with their distinct physical and safe characteristics, played a significant role in shaping children's memories and experiences. These spaces provided opportunities for play and social interaction, fostering a sense of belonging and security.Environmental affordance refers to the role of childhood neighborhoods in providing opportunities for presence, play, and interaction. It enables children to actively engage with their surroundings, discovering and utilizing these affordances during their play activities. Among the notable spaces in memories are stairs and cozy corners, which served as gathering spots for play and socializing. Additionally, social life and close relationships with friends form a significant part of these memories, as the safety and walkability of the neighborhoods enhanced children’s social interactions.Ambiguity in an environment can spark imagination, allowing individuals to derive various meanings from it and imbue it with their own significance. Children's memories of spaces such as narrow alleys, abandoned houses, and historic mansions highlight how these features stimulate curiosity and a sense of adventure. Spaces like hideouts are considered a vital part of childhood memories, which can either be created by adults or constructed by children themselves, transforming them into areas for play, exploration, and creativity.The interview emphasizes sensory richness, where adults' memories of their childhood environments include sensory features such as smells, sounds, and visual details. These sensory connections are absent in the contemporary urban environments of Sanandaj but are vividly reflected in the memories. Observational spaces, such as sitting in specific spots to watch the street, are also a significant part of these recollections, influencing social interactions and environmental experiences. The interviewees' memories highlight factors such as neighborhood safety, children's freedom of movement, and the proximity of services, which facilitated independent mobility and unique experiences like running errands and cycling. An example of these memories is children's experience of cycling on the sloped alleys of the neighborhood, recalled as an exciting and memorable activity. Conclusion This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods based on the narratives of adults in Sanandaj. The results showed that neighborhoods played a prominent role in individuals' childhood memories, and the extracted model included 6 main categories: security, sensory richness, childhood home, mystery, walkability and cyclability, and compatibility with nature.. Among the frequently cited factors, parks and green spaces had a special place due to their connection with nature and creating pause. Also, the specific conditions of the land slope and the hill of Sanandaj had high effect on childhood memories. In examining the types of neighborhoods, 3 types of neighborhoods were identified: old, new, and residential complexes, among which the category of sensory richness was not observed in the residential complexes. The analyses show that old neighborhoods, with a stronger presence of children and rich sensory experiences, were more prominent than other neighborhoods. It is suggested that future research, considering local characteristics and culture, provide practical results for designing child-friendly cities and examine the relationship between childhood memories and children's current experience in more depth. یکی از محیط‌های کودکی حائز اهمیت و مؤثر بر رشد و هویت کودک، محله است، محیطی که کودک بعد از خانه بدان وارد شده و آغازین قدم‌های اجتماعی شدن وی در آن انجام می‌شود. باوجود تأ‌کید پژوهشگران حوزه‌های کودک بر ضرورت ارتباط کودکان با محله و تأثیر عوامل محیطی بر رفتار، یادگیری، خلاقیت و رشد کودکان، شواهد طی چند دهه اخیر حاکی از کاهش حضور کودکان در فضاهای بیرون خانه و به‌تبع آن کاهش تعامل کودک و محله است. هدف مقاله حاضر ارائه ویژگی‌های محله‌ای است که افراد از آن با نام محله کودکی یاد می‌کنند. با جزئیات صحبت‌کردن درباره محیط کودکی یکی از سرنخ‌هایی است که کیفیت این محیط‌ها را آشکار خواهد کرد؛ لذا پژوهش با پذیرش اهمیت کودکی در زندگی بزرگسالان، در واقع می‌خواهد بداند آنچه که افراد به‌عنوان محله کودکی می‌شناسند که روزی در آن حضور فعال داشته‌اند و اکنون نیز در یادشان مانده، چه ویژگی‌هایی داشته است. براین‌اساس با 30 بزرگسال که کودکی‌شان در شهر سنندج سپری شده است، مصاحبه عمیق صورت‌گرفته و متن مصاحبه‌ها با روش تحلیل مضمون و با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزار MAXQDA22 کدگذاری و تحلیل شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد محله‌ها، محیط‌هایی قابل‌توجه در خاطرات بزرگسالان از محیط‌های کودکی بوده‌ و محله کودکی از نگاه آنها با 6 مقوله امنیت، غنای حسی، قرارگاه کودکی، رمز‌آمیزی، پیاده و دوچرخه مداری و همسازی با طبیعت معرفی شده است.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_725086_6c774b88add4eadc2552d99fa12d59bd.pdf