Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Aging in Place: A Systematic Review of Scientific Productions with an Emphasis on the Characteristics of the Elderly and Environmental Interactions Aging in Place: A Systematic Review of Scientific Productions with an Emphasis on the Characteristics of the Elderly and Environmental Interactions 1 25 726766 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2057016.1178 FA Azin Tajlil PhD Candidate in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-6283-1895 Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi Associate Professor, Architecture Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3623-1874 Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj Iran University of Science and Technology 0000-0001-6103-5504 Marzieh Hoomanirad Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 06 Introduction The global elderly population is rapidly increasing due to advancements in medicine and rising life expectancy. By 2050, nearly a quarter of the world’s population will be 65 or older. This demographic shift is associated with a rise in chronic illnesses, physical limitations, and functional impairments. As a result, the needs and expectations of older adults regarding aging and residential environments have evolved significantly. Many countries are now promoting home and community-based care models as a means to improve quality of life for the elderly while reducing healthcare expenditures. This transition is reflected in the concept of “aging in place,” which emphasizes older adults’ preference to remain in their own homes rather than relocating to institutional care settings. Aging in place is linked to the ability to maintain independence and live a thriving and highly qualitative life within an individual’s environment. It can therefore be fostered by designing environments that facilitate the mobility and engagement in social activities, which are important components for the health and quality of life of older adults. There is also an opportunity for countries to exploit existing and new assistive technologies, another pertinent facilitator of aging in place. Aging in place is defined as “remaining to live in the community rather than in residential care, with some level of independence (e.g., receiving help from family members or caregivers), but without the need to move away from the community”. Most older adults prefer to age in place because it fosters their independence and autonomy, and enables them to stay connected to their social circle, which can reduce social isolation and loneliness. Apart from being a preference of older adults, it is often also considered less costly than care in long-term care facilities such as nursing homes or other assisted living facilities. This study aims to explore scientific perspectives and approaches related to aging in place within residential environments. By reviewing academic literature and identifying research gaps, the study seeks to enhance the understanding of elderly needs and guide future investigations in this domain and the impact of this factor on the peace and safety of the elderly and, consequently, the mental health of households and, consequently, society. Methodology The study employs a systematic review of scholarly literature on aging in place, with a specific focus on how residential environments affect elderly well-being. Articles were collected from major databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, using a set of targeted key phrases to ensure comprehensive coverage. Selection criteria were applied based on language, document type, and research area. A structured search and filtering process was implemented to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles. Data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software to extract themes and insights, particularly regarding the role of housing design and physical space in supporting aging in place. This research did not limit the scope of aging in place to the architectural domain but also includes multidisciplinary findings. Furthermore, it explored scientific productivity and the intellectual collaborations of publications and researchers in the field of aging in place. Specifically, this study focuses on key aging in place concepts and presents a review of the theoretical and methodological trends. Results and discussion The review highlights three primary themes dominating the literature on aging in place: (1) intrinsic characteristics of older adults, (2) spatial features of the home environment, and (3) interactions between individuals and their surroundings. Frequently used terms included "health," "needs," "design," "housing," and "support," which reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the field. These terms suggest that aging in place encompasses psychological, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. The findings also indicate a steady increase in scholarly interest since 1999, with accelerated growth in the past decade. Key journals contributing to the discourse include International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and Sustainability, which have featured multiple studies in this area. Geographically, most publications originate from Europe, Asia, and North America, with significant contributions from institutions such as the University of Adelaide and the University of Florida. These institutions have shaped the academic conversation on aging in place and have helped position it as a vital research topic in public health and urban planning. Conclusion This review provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of aging in place and underscores the importance of residential environments in supporting the health and autonomy of older adults. The key themes identified in the analysis illustrate the complex interplay between personal attributes, such as health status and caregiving needs, and external factors like housing design and community support. The increase in research output from 1999 to 2024 reflects growing recognition of environmental adaptation's role in aging successfully. Moreover, the study emphasizes the value of qualitative research methods, such as interviews and field observations, in capturing the lived experiences of elderly individuals. The insights gained can guide the formulation of inclusive design principles, supportive policies, and targeted interventions. By further investigating the intersection of aging, space, and care systems, future research can contribute to creating environments that enable older adults to thrive while remaining in their preferred living settings. Introduction The global elderly population is rapidly increasing due to advancements in medicine and rising life expectancy. By 2050, nearly a quarter of the world’s population will be 65 or older. This demographic shift is associated with a rise in chronic illnesses, physical limitations, and functional impairments. As a result, the needs and expectations of older adults regarding aging and residential environments have evolved significantly. Many countries are now promoting home and community-based care models as a means to improve quality of life for the elderly while reducing healthcare expenditures. This transition is reflected in the concept of “aging in place,” which emphasizes older adults’ preference to remain in their own homes rather than relocating to institutional care settings. Aging in place is linked to the ability to maintain independence and live a thriving and highly qualitative life within an individual’s environment. It can therefore be fostered by designing environments that facilitate the mobility and engagement in social activities, which are important components for the health and quality of life of older adults. There is also an opportunity for countries to exploit existing and new assistive technologies, another pertinent facilitator of aging in place. Aging in place is defined as “remaining to live in the community rather than in residential care, with some level of independence (e.g., receiving help from family members or caregivers), but without the need to move away from the community”. Most older adults prefer to age in place because it fosters their independence and autonomy, and enables them to stay connected to their social circle, which can reduce social isolation and loneliness. Apart from being a preference of older adults, it is often also considered less costly than care in long-term care facilities such as nursing homes or other assisted living facilities. This study aims to explore scientific perspectives and approaches related to aging in place within residential environments. By reviewing academic literature and identifying research gaps, the study seeks to enhance the understanding of elderly needs and guide future investigations in this domain and the impact of this factor on the peace and safety of the elderly and, consequently, the mental health of households and, consequently, society. Methodology The study employs a systematic review of scholarly literature on aging in place, with a specific focus on how residential environments affect elderly well-being. Articles were collected from major databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, using a set of targeted key phrases to ensure comprehensive coverage. Selection criteria were applied based on language, document type, and research area. A structured search and filtering process was implemented to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles. Data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software to extract themes and insights, particularly regarding the role of housing design and physical space in supporting aging in place. This research did not limit the scope of aging in place to the architectural domain but also includes multidisciplinary findings. Furthermore, it explored scientific productivity and the intellectual collaborations of publications and researchers in the field of aging in place. Specifically, this study focuses on key aging in place concepts and presents a review of the theoretical and methodological trends. Results and discussion The review highlights three primary themes dominating the literature on aging in place: (1) intrinsic characteristics of older adults, (2) spatial features of the home environment, and (3) interactions between individuals and their surroundings. Frequently used terms included "health," "needs," "design," "housing," and "support," which reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the field. These terms suggest that aging in place encompasses psychological, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. The findings also indicate a steady increase in scholarly interest since 1999, with accelerated growth in the past decade. Key journals contributing to the discourse include International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and Sustainability, which have featured multiple studies in this area. Geographically, most publications originate from Europe, Asia, and North America, with significant contributions from institutions such as the University of Adelaide and the University of Florida. These institutions have shaped the academic conversation on aging in place and have helped position it as a vital research topic in public health and urban planning. Conclusion This review provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of aging in place and underscores the importance of residential environments in supporting the health and autonomy of older adults. The key themes identified in the analysis illustrate the complex interplay between personal attributes, such as health status and caregiving needs, and external factors like housing design and community support. The increase in research output from 1999 to 2024 reflects growing recognition of environmental adaptation's role in aging successfully. Moreover, the study emphasizes the value of qualitative research methods, such as interviews and field observations, in capturing the lived experiences of elderly individuals. The insights gained can guide the formulation of inclusive design principles, supportive policies, and targeted interventions. By further investigating the intersection of aging, space, and care systems, future research can contribute to creating environments that enable older adults to thrive while remaining in their preferred living settings.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726766_a16c62963f688af8d6d4acfaffaa359c.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Reading of Factors Affecting Urban Vulnerability with a Civil Defense Approach (Case study: District 21 of Tehran metropolis) Reading of Factors Affecting Urban Vulnerability with a Civil Defense Approach (Case study: District 21 of Tehran metropolis) 26 45 726303 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2052569.1158 FA Parham Valipour PhD Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, eslamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, eslamshahr, Iran 0000-0001-6689-3743 Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari Associate Professor, Department Of Geography And Urban Planning, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad university, Islamshahr,Iran 0000-0001-8743-0596 F A Assistant Professor, Department Of Geography And Urban Planning, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad university, Islamshahr, Iran 0000-0001-9873-1343 Journal Article 2025 04 21 Urban vulnerability has gained significant importance as a fundamental challenge in the modern era, especially when facing natural disasters and human threats. Civil defense, as a preventive approach, helps reduce urban vulnerability and preserve socio-economic security. This article aims to identify and cluster factors influencing the vulnerability of District 21 in Tehran Metropolis, using a civil defense approach and structural analysis. Theoretical data was collected through documentary methods, and empirical data was gathered using a survey-based Delphi technique. The statistical population consists of 30 experts and specialists in civil defense, selected via judgmental or purposeful sampling. This data was processed using structural cross-impact analysis in MICMAC software. Findings from the overall system environment analysis showed 259 relationships with a value of 3, meaning the key factors have numerous connections and significant influence and susceptibility. Other research results from cross-impact analysis indicate a complex and intertwined distribution of driving forces, characterized by both influence and susceptibility. The clustering system of factors shows a concentration in the dual factors area. Out of 37 studied factors, 13 key obstacles were identified: weakness in crisis management, economic instability, lack of public awareness of civil defense, political and social crises, dilapidation and indefensibility, weakness in urban design, social inequality, vulnerability of economic infrastructures, lack of investment in resilient infrastructures, lack of coordination among institutions, climate change, weakness in management systems, and poor participation culture. These forces play a role of high influence and low susceptibility in the system environment, aiming to reduce urban vulnerability in the studied area. Extended Abstract: Introduction The issue of vulnerability of urban infrastructure and the role of passive defense in dealing with this vulnerability is very important in Iranian cities, especially cities like Tehran. Urban infrastructures, which are part of the country's vital and sensitive infrastructures, are the main target of destruction and damage when faced with the dangers of war and natural disasters. In this situation, it seems necessary to carefully evaluate and investigate the role of passive defense requirements in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures. Considering the vital importance of these infrastructures for the stability and security of the country, any disruption in them can lead to urban paralysis and instability. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the role of passive defense in dealing with risks and reducing the vulnerability of these infrastructures. Due to the advances in technology and new equipment, the use of passive defense methods and tools can be used as an effective strategy in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures. Methodology The current research, with a future-research approach, identifies the most important obstacles or challenges affecting the future state of vulnerability in the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach. In terms of practical purpose, this research is a combination of documentary and survey methods, and in terms of its nature, it is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. is Documentary study method and empirical data of survey method based on Delphi method have been used in preparation of the studied obstacles. To select the Delphi team, since the goal is not to generalize the results, a judgmental or purposeful sampling method was used. The selection criteria of experts and experts are theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness and ability to participate in research and access. The important point in determining the number of experts is to ensure the comprehensiveness of different perspectives in the research. Results and discussion The results of this article showed that the general distribution pattern of vulnerability in terms of mutual effects analysis, in general, indicates the state of an unstable environmental system in which have a complex and intermediate state in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness. The state of clustering of obstacles is indicative of cluster concentration in the two-way part. Other findings of the research indicate that the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis is influenced by a set of economic, social, managerial and environmental obstacles, each of which somehow affects the resilience of this region. Among the 37 active forces, 13 variables had a greater impact on the future state of realization of the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach. Conclusion Weakness in crisis management, as one of the key obstacles affecting the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran, can have serious consequences when crises occur. This weakness is usually caused by the lack of comprehensive planning and lack of coordination between different institutions, which can lead to delays in responding to emergency situations. As a result, this can lead to increased human casualties and financial losses. To reduce vulnerability, there is a need to strengthen management systems and improve local communities in the field of crisis management. Economic instability as an important factor in the vulnerability of Tehran's 21st district can lead to a decrease in investments and demand in the labor market. This instability, especially in times of crisis, can affect the city's ability to provide essential services and infrastructure. Funding The findings, in terms of the overall analysis of the system environment, showed that 259 relationships have the number 3, and this means that the relationships of key obstacles are very large and have great influence. Urban vulnerability has gained significant importance as a fundamental challenge in the modern era, especially when facing natural disasters and human threats. Civil defense, as a preventive approach, helps reduce urban vulnerability and preserve socio-economic security. This article aims to identify and cluster factors influencing the vulnerability of District 21 in Tehran Metropolis, using a civil defense approach and structural analysis. Theoretical data was collected through documentary methods, and empirical data was gathered using a survey-based Delphi technique. The statistical population consists of 30 experts and specialists in civil defense, selected via judgmental or purposeful sampling. This data was processed using structural cross-impact analysis in MICMAC software. Findings from the overall system environment analysis showed 259 relationships with a value of 3, meaning the key factors have numerous connections and significant influence and susceptibility. Other research results from cross-impact analysis indicate a complex and intertwined distribution of driving forces, characterized by both influence and susceptibility. The clustering system of factors shows a concentration in the dual factors area. Out of 37 studied factors, 13 key obstacles were identified: weakness in crisis management, economic instability, lack of public awareness of civil defense, political and social crises, dilapidation and indefensibility, weakness in urban design, social inequality, vulnerability of economic infrastructures, lack of investment in resilient infrastructures, lack of coordination among institutions, climate change, weakness in management systems, and poor participation culture. These forces play a role of high influence and low susceptibility in the system environment, aiming to reduce urban vulnerability in the studied area. Extended Abstract: Introduction The issue of vulnerability of urban infrastructure and the role of passive defense in dealing with this vulnerability is very important in Iranian cities, especially cities like Tehran. Urban infrastructures, which are part of the country's vital and sensitive infrastructures, are the main target of destruction and damage when faced with the dangers of war and natural disasters. In this situation, it seems necessary to carefully evaluate and investigate the role of passive defense requirements in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures. Considering the vital importance of these infrastructures for the stability and security of the country, any disruption in them can lead to urban paralysis and instability. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the role of passive defense in dealing with risks and reducing the vulnerability of these infrastructures. Due to the advances in technology and new equipment, the use of passive defense methods and tools can be used as an effective strategy in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures. Methodology The current research, with a future-research approach, identifies the most important obstacles or challenges affecting the future state of vulnerability in the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach. In terms of practical purpose, this research is a combination of documentary and survey methods, and in terms of its nature, it is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. is Documentary study method and empirical data of survey method based on Delphi method have been used in preparation of the studied obstacles. To select the Delphi team, since the goal is not to generalize the results, a judgmental or purposeful sampling method was used. The selection criteria of experts and experts are theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness and ability to participate in research and access. The important point in determining the number of experts is to ensure the comprehensiveness of different perspectives in the research. Results and discussion The results of this article showed that the general distribution pattern of vulnerability in terms of mutual effects analysis, in general, indicates the state of an unstable environmental system in which have a complex and intermediate state in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness. The state of clustering of obstacles is indicative of cluster concentration in the two-way part. Other findings of the research indicate that the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis is influenced by a set of economic, social, managerial and environmental obstacles, each of which somehow affects the resilience of this region. Among the 37 active forces, 13 variables had a greater impact on the future state of realization of the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach. Conclusion Weakness in crisis management, as one of the key obstacles affecting the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran, can have serious consequences when crises occur. This weakness is usually caused by the lack of comprehensive planning and lack of coordination between different institutions, which can lead to delays in responding to emergency situations. As a result, this can lead to increased human casualties and financial losses. To reduce vulnerability, there is a need to strengthen management systems and improve local communities in the field of crisis management. Economic instability as an important factor in the vulnerability of Tehran's 21st district can lead to a decrease in investments and demand in the labor market. This instability, especially in times of crisis, can affect the city's ability to provide essential services and infrastructure. Funding The findings, in terms of the overall analysis of the system environment, showed that 259 relationships have the number 3, and this means that the relationships of key obstacles are very large and have great influence.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726303_a14e5f772a500c6bc3f506e86c3567c2.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 An Evaluation Model for Urban Parks Based on Passive Defense Principles (Case Study: Vahdat Park, Mashhad Metropolis) An Evaluation Model for Urban Parks Based on Passive Defense Principles (Case Study: Vahdat Park, Mashhad Metropolis) 46 69 726370 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2054200.1168 FA Hesam Fathi Saqalaksari ,Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Saeed Forghani Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2349-8588 Journal Article 2025 02 25 Introduction Human societies have always sought to confront both natural and man-made threats throughout history. In the present era, man-made threats, primarily military in nature, have led societies to establish preparedness for both military (active) and non-military (passive) defense. Iran has constantly faced threats from both regional and extra-regional adversaries. Despite these threats, enhancing the readiness of cities and citizens to face threats during crisis situations has not received adequate attention. One of the available opportunities in cities for facilitating crisis management is urban parks. If the principles of passive defense are observed, urban parks can not only serve their regular functions in peacetime, but also play a role in enhancing preparedness and educating citizens about the concepts and fundamentals of passive defense. In crisis situations, they can function as urban shelters, contributing to the protection of social assets. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a sample urban park in crisis situations based on the principles of passive defense, and it seeks to answer the following questions: • What characteristics of an urban park contribute to its response and the enhancement of social resilience in crisis situations? • How can the capabilities of existing urban parks be utilized to enhance the role of parks in crisis situations? • How can the weaknesses of urban parks in crisis situations be identified and addressed? In this study, an urban park with various strengths and weaknesses in responding to crisis situations was selected, and its performance was analyzed based on the principles of passive defense. The criteria derived from this section include passive defense education, security, multifunctional use, resilience and reinforcement, refugee accommodation, and crisis management systems. Methodology The research methodology employed in this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and fieldwork approaches. In the first phase, evaluation criteria for urban parks based on passive defense objectives were identified and categorized through library research, including the review of documents, books, scholarly articles, and relevant research projects. The criteria were divided into components, and to assess their importance, a survey method using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the Likert scale was administered to urban passive defense experts and specialists. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by experts. To measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software, yielding a value of 0.939, indicating an excellent level of reliability. In the fieldwork phase, Vahdat Park in Mashhad was selected as the case study. Field observations were conducted to assess the park’s current condition and compare it with the extracted criteria. This process involved site visits, analysis of pathways, access points, the surrounding urban fabric, and the compatibility or incompatibility of adjacent land uses. Data collected from these observations were analyzed to evaluate the park’s alignment with passive defense goals, identifying areas of strength and weakness, and proposing solutions to enhance its compliance with passive defense principles. Results and discussion The data obtained from the survey method, after being completed by experts and specialists, were entered into SPSS software by the authors and analyzed using the Friedman test. The P-Value for all criteria was less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference among the components affecting the evaluation of the passive defense park. This section examines the current status of Vahdat Park based on its adjacency, accessibility, land uses, and existing on-site spaces. The surrounding fabric of Vahdat Park primarily consists of residential, lodging, and commercial land uses. Additionally, specific land uses are observed in different zones around the park: in the northeastern area, educational facilities, including a high school and an elementary school; in the northwestern area, sports facilities, a fire station, and a police station; in the southern area, service facilities such as a CNG fuel distribution center; and in the southeastern area, healthcare facilities, including a hospital. The existing land uses within Vahdat Park include a cultural center, open sports fields, restrooms, utility facilities, an artificial lake, retail kiosks, administrative offices, an auditorium, a prayer room, a library, a women's park, an amusement park, and a parking. Conclusion The findings indicate that enhancing the role of Vahdat Park in Mashhad as a passive defense park requires the following measures: leveraging its numerous educational and cultural spaces for passive defense training, improving security by increasing compatibility of adjacent areas, and enhancing legibility, sociability, and safety in furniture design. For multifunctional use, provisions for temporary clinics, improved pathways for aid delivery, and storage spaces for medical supplies are essential. Resilience and reinforcement during crisis requires shelters, redesigned protective furniture, blast-resistant windows, solar panels, emergency generators, and water purification systems. To accommodate refugees, the park must improve tent areas, provide covered shelters, portable baths, cooking facilities, and storage systems. Additionally, installing crisis management systems like CCTV and public announcement equipment is crucial. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Introduction Human societies have always sought to confront both natural and man-made threats throughout history. In the present era, man-made threats, primarily military in nature, have led societies to establish preparedness for both military (active) and non-military (passive) defense. Iran has constantly faced threats from both regional and extra-regional adversaries. Despite these threats, enhancing the readiness of cities and citizens to face threats during crisis situations has not received adequate attention. One of the available opportunities in cities for facilitating crisis management is urban parks. If the principles of passive defense are observed, urban parks can not only serve their regular functions in peacetime, but also play a role in enhancing preparedness and educating citizens about the concepts and fundamentals of passive defense. In crisis situations, they can function as urban shelters, contributing to the protection of social assets. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a sample urban park in crisis situations based on the principles of passive defense, and it seeks to answer the following questions: • What characteristics of an urban park contribute to its response and the enhancement of social resilience in crisis situations? • How can the capabilities of existing urban parks be utilized to enhance the role of parks in crisis situations? • How can the weaknesses of urban parks in crisis situations be identified and addressed? In this study, an urban park with various strengths and weaknesses in responding to crisis situations was selected, and its performance was analyzed based on the principles of passive defense. The criteria derived from this section include passive defense education, security, multifunctional use, resilience and reinforcement, refugee accommodation, and crisis management systems. Methodology The research methodology employed in this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and fieldwork approaches. In the first phase, evaluation criteria for urban parks based on passive defense objectives were identified and categorized through library research, including the review of documents, books, scholarly articles, and relevant research projects. The criteria were divided into components, and to assess their importance, a survey method using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the Likert scale was administered to urban passive defense experts and specialists. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by experts. To measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software, yielding a value of 0.939, indicating an excellent level of reliability. In the fieldwork phase, Vahdat Park in Mashhad was selected as the case study. Field observations were conducted to assess the park’s current condition and compare it with the extracted criteria. This process involved site visits, analysis of pathways, access points, the surrounding urban fabric, and the compatibility or incompatibility of adjacent land uses. Data collected from these observations were analyzed to evaluate the park’s alignment with passive defense goals, identifying areas of strength and weakness, and proposing solutions to enhance its compliance with passive defense principles. Results and discussion The data obtained from the survey method, after being completed by experts and specialists, were entered into SPSS software by the authors and analyzed using the Friedman test. The P-Value for all criteria was less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference among the components affecting the evaluation of the passive defense park. This section examines the current status of Vahdat Park based on its adjacency, accessibility, land uses, and existing on-site spaces. The surrounding fabric of Vahdat Park primarily consists of residential, lodging, and commercial land uses. Additionally, specific land uses are observed in different zones around the park: in the northeastern area, educational facilities, including a high school and an elementary school; in the northwestern area, sports facilities, a fire station, and a police station; in the southern area, service facilities such as a CNG fuel distribution center; and in the southeastern area, healthcare facilities, including a hospital. The existing land uses within Vahdat Park include a cultural center, open sports fields, restrooms, utility facilities, an artificial lake, retail kiosks, administrative offices, an auditorium, a prayer room, a library, a women's park, an amusement park, and a parking. Conclusion The findings indicate that enhancing the role of Vahdat Park in Mashhad as a passive defense park requires the following measures: leveraging its numerous educational and cultural spaces for passive defense training, improving security by increasing compatibility of adjacent areas, and enhancing legibility, sociability, and safety in furniture design. For multifunctional use, provisions for temporary clinics, improved pathways for aid delivery, and storage spaces for medical supplies are essential. Resilience and reinforcement during crisis requires shelters, redesigned protective furniture, blast-resistant windows, solar panels, emergency generators, and water purification systems. To accommodate refugees, the park must improve tent areas, provide covered shelters, portable baths, cooking facilities, and storage systems. Additionally, installing crisis management systems like CCTV and public announcement equipment is crucial. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726370_00e1b6af88fe18606df0f8b053c118b6.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 A sociological model for tourism development and formulating new regional development strategies in Bushehr city with SWOT matrix A sociological model for tourism development and formulating new regional development strategies in Bushehr city with SWOT matrix 70 85 726416 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2061757.1191 FA Abdolrasoul Kamran Phd Student of Sociology, Bu.C., Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Gholamreza Jafarinia Department of Sociology, Bu.C., Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Bagher Gorgin Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Bu.C., Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 25 Introduction Tourism, as one of the world’s most dynamic and impactful industries, plays a central role in fostering economic, social, and cultural development by leveraging intrinsic values to promote environmental sustainability, cultural identity, employment opportunities, and reduced migration. Bushehr city, endowed with unique historical, cultural, and natural attractions—such as its centuries-old urban fabric, scenic Persian Gulf beaches, authentic indigenous music, diverse handicrafts, and vibrant border markets—holds substantial potential to become a prominent regional and even international tourism destination. However, challenges including insufficient accommodation and transportation infrastructure, weak digital marketing, and environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution have hindered the full utilization of these assets. This study aims to propose a sociological model for tourism development and formulate new regional development strategies for Bushehr by identifying key influencing factors and prioritizing actionable strategies. Utilizing a strategic management model, the research seeks to address how Bushehr’s cultural and natural advantages can be harnessed to foster sustainable tourism growth. With an emphasis on strategic planning, this study provides solutions to alleviate economic deprivation, strengthen the local economy, and enhance Bushehr’s position in the tourism industry. Methodology This applied research employed a descriptive-Delphi mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 experts, averaging 12.3 years of experience, selected through purposive and snowball sampling from a population of tourism professionals, managers, academics, and local activists in Bushehr until theoretical saturation was reached. Interview data were processed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. In the quantitative phase, a standardized 20-item questionnaire with a reliability of 0.89 (Cronbach’s alpha) was distributed among 40 experts. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and one-sample t-tests. The strategic management model comprised four key stages: 1) defining vision, mission, and quantitative and qualitative objectives, 2) analyzing internal factors with the IFE matrix and external factors with the EFE matrix, 3) formulating strategies using the SWOT matrix, and 4) prioritizing strategies with the QSPM matrix. Data collection adhered to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent and ensuring participant confidentiality. Tool validity was confirmed by three tourism academics, and inter-coder agreement (Cohen’s kappa: 0.82) indicated high reliability in qualitative analysis. This methodology facilitated a comprehensive analysis of tourism development factors and the formulation of data-driven operational strategies, enhancing result accuracy and validity through the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Findings Qualitative findings revealed that Bushehr’s rich cultural heritage, historical attractions such as old mansions and traditional markets, and strategic geographic location along the Persian Gulf are key strengths for tourism development. However, deficiencies in accommodation infrastructure, such as hotels and eco-lodges, weak digital marketing, particularly on virtual platforms, and inadequate public transportation systems were identified as primary challenges. The EFE matrix highlighted Persian Gulf coastal attractions and growing domestic tourism demand as key opportunities, while climate change and increasing competition from other destinations were noted as major threats. Total EFE (2.99) and IFE (3.03) scores confirmed Bushehr’s relatively favorable position. Quantitative analysis using one-sample t-tests indicated that the cultural dimension was the most critical, with a mean of 4.35 (t=6.87, p=0.000), underscoring its pivotal role in attracting tourists. This was followed by the economic (mean: 4.10), social (mean: 3.85), and environmental (mean: 3.55) dimensions. A higher standard deviation in the environmental dimension (0.75) suggested diverse expert opinions, likely due to concerns about coastal pollution and climate change impacts. The SWOT matrix prioritized SO (cultural tourism development focusing on historical sites and indigenous music) and ST (reducing competition through local culture and cuisine) strategies. The QSPM matrix assigned the highest attractiveness scores to ST1 (3.87) and SO1 (3.76), with WO1 (improving accommodation infrastructure with government support) scoring 3.36. Frequency distribution of questionnaire responses showed strong support for enhancing local culture (55% strongly agree) and developing infrastructure (32% strongly agree), while environmental protection (30% neutral) required further attention. These findings emphasize the central role of cultural heritage as a competitive advantage and the urgent need to address infrastructure deficiencies and environmental threats for sustainable tourism development in Bushehr, aligning with related domestic and international studies. Conclusion This study developed a sociological model for tourism development in Bushehr, emphasizing the enhancement of cultural heritage, improvement of accommodation and transportation infrastructure, and increased regional competitiveness through leveraging local culture. Strategies focusing on cultural tourism development and reducing competition using Bushehr’s unique attributes were prioritized, while managing environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution was deemed essential. It is recommended that Bushehr’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization focus on revitalizing historical sites, strengthening digital marketing through virtual platforms, and implementing environmental protection programs to preserve coastlines, positioning Bushehr as a competitive tourism destination. This model can reduce economic deprivation, create employment opportunities, and bolster the local economy. Future studies could explore the impact of emerging technologies, such as virtual tourism, and local community empowerment through training to refine this framework, contributing to sustainable, long-term tourism development in Bushehr. Introduction Tourism, as one of the world’s most dynamic and impactful industries, plays a central role in fostering economic, social, and cultural development by leveraging intrinsic values to promote environmental sustainability, cultural identity, employment opportunities, and reduced migration. Bushehr city, endowed with unique historical, cultural, and natural attractions—such as its centuries-old urban fabric, scenic Persian Gulf beaches, authentic indigenous music, diverse handicrafts, and vibrant border markets—holds substantial potential to become a prominent regional and even international tourism destination. However, challenges including insufficient accommodation and transportation infrastructure, weak digital marketing, and environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution have hindered the full utilization of these assets. This study aims to propose a sociological model for tourism development and formulate new regional development strategies for Bushehr by identifying key influencing factors and prioritizing actionable strategies. Utilizing a strategic management model, the research seeks to address how Bushehr’s cultural and natural advantages can be harnessed to foster sustainable tourism growth. With an emphasis on strategic planning, this study provides solutions to alleviate economic deprivation, strengthen the local economy, and enhance Bushehr’s position in the tourism industry. Methodology This applied research employed a descriptive-Delphi mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 experts, averaging 12.3 years of experience, selected through purposive and snowball sampling from a population of tourism professionals, managers, academics, and local activists in Bushehr until theoretical saturation was reached. Interview data were processed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. In the quantitative phase, a standardized 20-item questionnaire with a reliability of 0.89 (Cronbach’s alpha) was distributed among 40 experts. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and one-sample t-tests. The strategic management model comprised four key stages: 1) defining vision, mission, and quantitative and qualitative objectives, 2) analyzing internal factors with the IFE matrix and external factors with the EFE matrix, 3) formulating strategies using the SWOT matrix, and 4) prioritizing strategies with the QSPM matrix. Data collection adhered to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent and ensuring participant confidentiality. Tool validity was confirmed by three tourism academics, and inter-coder agreement (Cohen’s kappa: 0.82) indicated high reliability in qualitative analysis. This methodology facilitated a comprehensive analysis of tourism development factors and the formulation of data-driven operational strategies, enhancing result accuracy and validity through the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Findings Qualitative findings revealed that Bushehr’s rich cultural heritage, historical attractions such as old mansions and traditional markets, and strategic geographic location along the Persian Gulf are key strengths for tourism development. However, deficiencies in accommodation infrastructure, such as hotels and eco-lodges, weak digital marketing, particularly on virtual platforms, and inadequate public transportation systems were identified as primary challenges. The EFE matrix highlighted Persian Gulf coastal attractions and growing domestic tourism demand as key opportunities, while climate change and increasing competition from other destinations were noted as major threats. Total EFE (2.99) and IFE (3.03) scores confirmed Bushehr’s relatively favorable position. Quantitative analysis using one-sample t-tests indicated that the cultural dimension was the most critical, with a mean of 4.35 (t=6.87, p=0.000), underscoring its pivotal role in attracting tourists. This was followed by the economic (mean: 4.10), social (mean: 3.85), and environmental (mean: 3.55) dimensions. A higher standard deviation in the environmental dimension (0.75) suggested diverse expert opinions, likely due to concerns about coastal pollution and climate change impacts. The SWOT matrix prioritized SO (cultural tourism development focusing on historical sites and indigenous music) and ST (reducing competition through local culture and cuisine) strategies. The QSPM matrix assigned the highest attractiveness scores to ST1 (3.87) and SO1 (3.76), with WO1 (improving accommodation infrastructure with government support) scoring 3.36. Frequency distribution of questionnaire responses showed strong support for enhancing local culture (55% strongly agree) and developing infrastructure (32% strongly agree), while environmental protection (30% neutral) required further attention. These findings emphasize the central role of cultural heritage as a competitive advantage and the urgent need to address infrastructure deficiencies and environmental threats for sustainable tourism development in Bushehr, aligning with related domestic and international studies. Conclusion This study developed a sociological model for tourism development in Bushehr, emphasizing the enhancement of cultural heritage, improvement of accommodation and transportation infrastructure, and increased regional competitiveness through leveraging local culture. Strategies focusing on cultural tourism development and reducing competition using Bushehr’s unique attributes were prioritized, while managing environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution was deemed essential. It is recommended that Bushehr’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization focus on revitalizing historical sites, strengthening digital marketing through virtual platforms, and implementing environmental protection programs to preserve coastlines, positioning Bushehr as a competitive tourism destination. This model can reduce economic deprivation, create employment opportunities, and bolster the local economy. Future studies could explore the impact of emerging technologies, such as virtual tourism, and local community empowerment through training to refine this framework, contributing to sustainable, long-term tourism development in Bushehr.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726416_d906c5537bef35952f6c749b338ed3df.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Analyzing the characteristics of eco-regionalism in sustainable design in order to present a conceptual model in the city of Birjand Analyzing the characteristics of eco-regionalism in sustainable design in order to present a conceptual model in the city of Birjand 86 104 729253 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2067370.1204 FA Seyed Mohammad Razavi PhD student, Department of Art and Architecture, Bi.c., Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0009-0001-3792-8764 Reza Mirzaei Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Bi.c., Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0000-0001-8769-0275 Hassanieh Haravi Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Bi.c., Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0009-0001-3792-8764 Ahmad Heydari Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Bi.c., Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran 0000-0003-2572-5086 Journal Article 2025 07 29 Eco-regionalism1, as a new approach in sustainable architecture, emphasizes the coordination of design with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a region. This research aims to provide a conceptual model for implementing the principles of eco-regionalism in sustainable design in the city of Birjand. Birjand, as a city with a hot and dry climate, provides unique opportunities to examine this approach. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including the analysis of expert opinions, the review of case studies, and the evaluation of climatic and cultural data, to identify the key characteristics of eco-regionalism. The results of the research show that the use of local materials, the use of natural ventilation, water conservation through rainwater collection and the use of gray water, and the design of central courtyard houses are among the effective strategies in this approach. These strategies not only reduce energy and water consumption, but also correspond to the culture and needs of the local community. Furthermore, the examination of case studies such as the ancient city of Hadasar, Shabam in Yemen, and the village of Masouleh demonstrate the successful application of eco-regional principles in similar climates. This research suggests that by incorporating these principles into the urban design and architecture of Birjand, sustainable settlement patterns can be achieved that are both environmentally and culturally efficient. Ultimately, this conceptual model can be used as a guide for other cities with hot and dry climates and contribute to sustainable urban development. Introduction The escalating global challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and urbanization have underscored the urgent need for sustainable architectural practices. Eco-regionalism, a contemporary approach in sustainable architecture, advocates for designs that harmonize with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a specific region. This study focuses on Birjand, a city in South Khorasan, Iran, characterized by a hot-arid climate and a rich cultural heritage rooted in traditional Persian architecture. The primary objective is to develop a conceptual model for implementing eco-regionalism principles in sustainable architectural and urban design, tailored to Birjand’s unique environmental and cultural context. By integrating local materials, passive design strategies, and culturally resonant solutions, this research aims to address the environmental challenges of hot-arid regions while preserving Birjand’s architectural identity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to offer a replicable framework for sustainable urban development in similar climatic zones, contributing to global efforts toward environmental resilience and cultural preservation in architecture. Methodology This research employs a mixed-methods approach, blending qualitative and quantitative methodologies to ensure a robust analysis of eco-regionalism in Birjand. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with architects, urban planners, and environmental experts knowledgeable about Birjand’s architectural and climatic conditions. A comparative analysis of case studies from other hot-arid regions, such as Ghadames (Libya), Shibam (Yemen), and Masouleh (Iran), was conducted to identify best practices in eco-regional design. Quantitative data, including climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, solar radiation) and resource availability (local materials, water resources), were sourced from regional meteorological records, municipal archives, and environmental databases. The study also included an extensive literature review of eco-regionalism principles, focusing on sustainable material use, passive cooling techniques, water management strategies, and cultural integration in architecture. These data were synthesized to formulate a conceptual model that balances ecological efficiency with cultural and economic feasibility, ensuring applicability to Birjand and similar contexts. Results and discussion The findings indicate that eco-regionalism in Birjand can be effectively implemented through a synergy of traditional and modern sustainable strategies. The use of locally sourced materials, such as adobe and brick, was identified as a cornerstone of eco-regional design due to their low embodied energy and excellent thermal mass properties, which mitigate extreme temperature fluctuations in hot-arid climates. Passive design techniques, including courtyard houses, narrow shaded streets, and windcatchers (badgirs), were found to enhance thermal comfort, significantly reducing reliance on energy-intensive mechanical cooling systems. Water conservation strategies, such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling, address Birjand’s critical water scarcity, aligning with sustainable development principles. The comparative analysis of case studies revealed that similar strategies have been successfully applied in other hot-arid regions. For example, Shibam’s mud-brick towers utilize thermal mass and natural ventilation, while Masouleh’s terraced architecture optimizes land use and microclimate. These findings validate the proposed strategies for Birjand, where courtyard houses and shaded pathways resonate with historical architectural practices, fostering community acceptance. However, challenges include the higher initial costs of eco-friendly materials and the need for specialized training in sustainable design techniques. Additionally, the integration of cultural elements, such as traditional spatial configurations, enhances the social sustainability of the proposed model by aligning with local values and lifestyles. The study underscores that eco-regionalism not only reduces environmental impact but also strengthens cultural identity, making it a viable approach for sustainable urban development in Birjand. Conclusion This research proposes a comprehensive conceptual model for eco-regionalism in Birjand, integrating local materials, passive design techniques, water conservation strategies, and cultural considerations to achieve sustainable architecture. The model emphasizes a balance between environmental performance, cultural resonance, and economic viability, offering a blueprint for sustainable urban development in hot-arid climates. By drawing on traditional Persian architectural knowledge and modern sustainable practices, the framework reduces energy and water consumption while preserving Birjand’s cultural heritage. The model’s applicability extends beyond Birjand, providing a scalable approach for other cities with similar climatic and cultural contexts. Future research should focus on overcoming implementation barriers, such as cost optimization, scalability of local material production, and training programs for architects and builders to facilitate widespread adoption. Additionally, longitudinal studies could assess the long-term environmental and social impacts of eco-regional designs in Birjand, further refining the proposed model. Eco-regionalism1, as a new approach in sustainable architecture, emphasizes the coordination of design with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a region. This research aims to provide a conceptual model for implementing the principles of eco-regionalism in sustainable design in the city of Birjand. Birjand, as a city with a hot and dry climate, provides unique opportunities to examine this approach. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including the analysis of expert opinions, the review of case studies, and the evaluation of climatic and cultural data, to identify the key characteristics of eco-regionalism. The results of the research show that the use of local materials, the use of natural ventilation, water conservation through rainwater collection and the use of gray water, and the design of central courtyard houses are among the effective strategies in this approach. These strategies not only reduce energy and water consumption, but also correspond to the culture and needs of the local community. Furthermore, the examination of case studies such as the ancient city of Hadasar, Shabam in Yemen, and the village of Masouleh demonstrate the successful application of eco-regional principles in similar climates. This research suggests that by incorporating these principles into the urban design and architecture of Birjand, sustainable settlement patterns can be achieved that are both environmentally and culturally efficient. Ultimately, this conceptual model can be used as a guide for other cities with hot and dry climates and contribute to sustainable urban development. Introduction The escalating global challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and urbanization have underscored the urgent need for sustainable architectural practices. Eco-regionalism, a contemporary approach in sustainable architecture, advocates for designs that harmonize with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a specific region. This study focuses on Birjand, a city in South Khorasan, Iran, characterized by a hot-arid climate and a rich cultural heritage rooted in traditional Persian architecture. The primary objective is to develop a conceptual model for implementing eco-regionalism principles in sustainable architectural and urban design, tailored to Birjand’s unique environmental and cultural context. By integrating local materials, passive design strategies, and culturally resonant solutions, this research aims to address the environmental challenges of hot-arid regions while preserving Birjand’s architectural identity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to offer a replicable framework for sustainable urban development in similar climatic zones, contributing to global efforts toward environmental resilience and cultural preservation in architecture. Methodology This research employs a mixed-methods approach, blending qualitative and quantitative methodologies to ensure a robust analysis of eco-regionalism in Birjand. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with architects, urban planners, and environmental experts knowledgeable about Birjand’s architectural and climatic conditions. A comparative analysis of case studies from other hot-arid regions, such as Ghadames (Libya), Shibam (Yemen), and Masouleh (Iran), was conducted to identify best practices in eco-regional design. Quantitative data, including climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, solar radiation) and resource availability (local materials, water resources), were sourced from regional meteorological records, municipal archives, and environmental databases. The study also included an extensive literature review of eco-regionalism principles, focusing on sustainable material use, passive cooling techniques, water management strategies, and cultural integration in architecture. These data were synthesized to formulate a conceptual model that balances ecological efficiency with cultural and economic feasibility, ensuring applicability to Birjand and similar contexts. Results and discussion The findings indicate that eco-regionalism in Birjand can be effectively implemented through a synergy of traditional and modern sustainable strategies. The use of locally sourced materials, such as adobe and brick, was identified as a cornerstone of eco-regional design due to their low embodied energy and excellent thermal mass properties, which mitigate extreme temperature fluctuations in hot-arid climates. Passive design techniques, including courtyard houses, narrow shaded streets, and windcatchers (badgirs), were found to enhance thermal comfort, significantly reducing reliance on energy-intensive mechanical cooling systems. Water conservation strategies, such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling, address Birjand’s critical water scarcity, aligning with sustainable development principles. The comparative analysis of case studies revealed that similar strategies have been successfully applied in other hot-arid regions. For example, Shibam’s mud-brick towers utilize thermal mass and natural ventilation, while Masouleh’s terraced architecture optimizes land use and microclimate. These findings validate the proposed strategies for Birjand, where courtyard houses and shaded pathways resonate with historical architectural practices, fostering community acceptance. However, challenges include the higher initial costs of eco-friendly materials and the need for specialized training in sustainable design techniques. Additionally, the integration of cultural elements, such as traditional spatial configurations, enhances the social sustainability of the proposed model by aligning with local values and lifestyles. The study underscores that eco-regionalism not only reduces environmental impact but also strengthens cultural identity, making it a viable approach for sustainable urban development in Birjand. Conclusion This research proposes a comprehensive conceptual model for eco-regionalism in Birjand, integrating local materials, passive design techniques, water conservation strategies, and cultural considerations to achieve sustainable architecture. The model emphasizes a balance between environmental performance, cultural resonance, and economic viability, offering a blueprint for sustainable urban development in hot-arid climates. By drawing on traditional Persian architectural knowledge and modern sustainable practices, the framework reduces energy and water consumption while preserving Birjand’s cultural heritage. The model’s applicability extends beyond Birjand, providing a scalable approach for other cities with similar climatic and cultural contexts. Future research should focus on overcoming implementation barriers, such as cost optimization, scalability of local material production, and training programs for architects and builders to facilitate widespread adoption. Additionally, longitudinal studies could assess the long-term environmental and social impacts of eco-regional designs in Birjand, further refining the proposed model.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_729253_d46322551bab6cc64571b8a121dd582f.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Risk Assessment of Key Assets in the Historical Fabric of Khoy City with a Passive Defense Approach Risk Assessment of Key Assets in the Historical Fabric of Khoy City with a Passive Defense Approach 105 127 727392 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2061339.1186 FA Parya Shafipour Yourdshahi Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-1107-9493 Journal Article 2025 05 22 Introduction Every urban space, including historical fabrics, due to their potential and identity value, must be resilient, and the vulnerability of such spaces should be minimized. To achieve the objectives of passive defense in cities and their valuable textures, such as historical fabrics considered as city assets, reducing vulnerability and risk should be addressed through urban planning and design strategies. These include respecting adjacency principles, enabling emergency evacuation, establishing temporary shelter centers, storage centers for essential supplies, fostering a sense of belonging among residents, appropriate dispersal and distribution of key land uses, as well as access and buffer zones. The historical fabric of Khoy city includes the traditional market, Matlabkhan Mosque, Seyyed al-Shohada Mosque, Sangy Gate, and others, located in the central core of the city, which also lies within the worn-out urban fabric. Due to its historical values and tourist attraction, Khoy city holds significant importance from the perspective of passive defense and resilience. Therefore, safety and security studies of Khoy’s historical texture must be conducted to identify areas with high vulnerability and risk, and ultimately to derive urban planning and design solutions to enhance the resilience of its historical fabric. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of its objective and employs a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of method. Initially, through library and documentary studies—such as reviewing relevant literature, previous research, and expert theories in the field—the key assets and their probable threats in the study sample were identified. For data analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model (used for weighting evaluation criteria of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities) and the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) model (used for risk assessment) were employed. Experts in the field of architecture and urban planning and passive defense were identified in consultation with academic supervisors. A total of 30 experts were selected as the statistical population for completing the questionnaire using a census method. From these, 28 individuals responded and were considered as the sample size based on Cochran’s formula. The risk formula used in this study is as follows: Risk = Asset Value × Threat Level × Vulnerability Level Results and discussion Identification and Evaluation of Key Assets In the first stage, key assets of the fabric were identified through the expert community and field visits, followed by valuation. The results indicate that among the historical assets of Khoy, the Traditional Market scored 7.7, Qamar Bani Hashim Hospital 7.62, Tax Administration Building 6.2, Registry Office Building 16.6, and the Central Square (Imam Square, Central Crossroad) 5.88, having the highest values. Identification and Evaluation of Threats to Key Assets In the second stage, threats to key assets were evaluated via expert community assessments and questionnaires. The results show that the most probable threats to Khoy’s historical fabric assets include sabotage and intentional destruction, arson, aerial attacks, riots, and psychological operations. Assessment of Vulnerability of Key Assets to Threat Occurrence In the third stage, vulnerability resulting from threats to key assets was assessed through expert surveys and questionnaires. Findings reveal that the highest vulnerability of Khoy’s historical assets is against aerial (missile) attacks, ground assaults (artillery, mortars, etc.), terrorist attacks (car bombings), espionage and human infiltration, as well as riots and psychological operations. Risk Assessment of Key Assets Against Threats In the fourth stage, the risk resulting from threats to key assets was evaluated through expert community assessments and questionnaires. The cumulative highest risks were assigned to the Post Office, Khoy Traditional Market, National Bank Central Branch of Khoy, Registry Office Building, former Telecommunications Building, Central Square (Imam Square), Tax Administration Building, Police Station No. 1 (former Shahrebani), Amir Kabir Passage, Khan Caravanserai, Old Municipality Building, Mostazafan Passage, Eghtesab Passage, Khosravi School, Khoy Museum and Old Library Building, and Ettehad Passage, respectively. Conclusion In the present study, the risk of key assets in the historical fabric of Khoy city was evaluated using the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) method. The risk assessment was conducted in three stages: asset identification, threat analysis, and vulnerability evaluation. In each of these stages, asset, threat, and vulnerability maps were produced within a GIS software environment. In the asset identification phase, 16 key assets were identified based on expert opinions and subsequently evaluated using criteria approved by the Passive Defense Organization. Following this, the threats, vulnerabilities, and risk levels of each key asset in the fabric were calculated. Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to reduce the risk in the historical fabric: • Locating and designing multi-purpose safe spaces (multi-purpose emergency shelters) within the fabric, preferably adjacent to main roads. • Avoiding the introduction of new land uses with vital importance inside the fabric. • Locating temporary shelter centers within the fabric, such as green spaces, sports complexes, religious, and educational facilities. • Considering small emergency units, such as fire stations, in the central part of the fabric. • Creating and organizing a street network that facilitates rapid evacuation and emergency response inside the fabric. • Increasing permeability in high-traffic areas of the fabric’s key centers. • Designating special routes for emergency vehicles at the main square of the fabric. • Planning alternative routes for paths prone to blockage. • Widening narrow main streets inside the fabric to allow the passage of emergency vehicles. • Maintaining a 300-meter buffer zone around hazardous land uses (those with potential for explosion, fire, or toxic emissions) relative to key assets inside the fabric (corresponding to the blast radius of a 2000-pound TNT bomb). • Relocating military land uses (excluding law enforcement such as police stations) outside the fabric. Vacated military sites should be repurposed as brownfields to address crisis management service shortages in the fabric. • Reducing obstruction, especially in the traditional market. • Educating residents of the fabric on necessary actions during crises, including engaging market merchants through building trust with the Cultural Heritage Organization of the city. • Reducing activity density in highly congested centers, with emphasis on the core of the fabric. Introduction Every urban space, including historical fabrics, due to their potential and identity value, must be resilient, and the vulnerability of such spaces should be minimized. To achieve the objectives of passive defense in cities and their valuable textures, such as historical fabrics considered as city assets, reducing vulnerability and risk should be addressed through urban planning and design strategies. These include respecting adjacency principles, enabling emergency evacuation, establishing temporary shelter centers, storage centers for essential supplies, fostering a sense of belonging among residents, appropriate dispersal and distribution of key land uses, as well as access and buffer zones. The historical fabric of Khoy city includes the traditional market, Matlabkhan Mosque, Seyyed al-Shohada Mosque, Sangy Gate, and others, located in the central core of the city, which also lies within the worn-out urban fabric. Due to its historical values and tourist attraction, Khoy city holds significant importance from the perspective of passive defense and resilience. Therefore, safety and security studies of Khoy’s historical texture must be conducted to identify areas with high vulnerability and risk, and ultimately to derive urban planning and design solutions to enhance the resilience of its historical fabric. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of its objective and employs a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of method. Initially, through library and documentary studies—such as reviewing relevant literature, previous research, and expert theories in the field—the key assets and their probable threats in the study sample were identified. For data analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model (used for weighting evaluation criteria of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities) and the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) model (used for risk assessment) were employed. Experts in the field of architecture and urban planning and passive defense were identified in consultation with academic supervisors. A total of 30 experts were selected as the statistical population for completing the questionnaire using a census method. From these, 28 individuals responded and were considered as the sample size based on Cochran’s formula. The risk formula used in this study is as follows: Risk = Asset Value × Threat Level × Vulnerability Level Results and discussion Identification and Evaluation of Key Assets In the first stage, key assets of the fabric were identified through the expert community and field visits, followed by valuation. The results indicate that among the historical assets of Khoy, the Traditional Market scored 7.7, Qamar Bani Hashim Hospital 7.62, Tax Administration Building 6.2, Registry Office Building 16.6, and the Central Square (Imam Square, Central Crossroad) 5.88, having the highest values. Identification and Evaluation of Threats to Key Assets In the second stage, threats to key assets were evaluated via expert community assessments and questionnaires. The results show that the most probable threats to Khoy’s historical fabric assets include sabotage and intentional destruction, arson, aerial attacks, riots, and psychological operations. Assessment of Vulnerability of Key Assets to Threat Occurrence In the third stage, vulnerability resulting from threats to key assets was assessed through expert surveys and questionnaires. Findings reveal that the highest vulnerability of Khoy’s historical assets is against aerial (missile) attacks, ground assaults (artillery, mortars, etc.), terrorist attacks (car bombings), espionage and human infiltration, as well as riots and psychological operations. Risk Assessment of Key Assets Against Threats In the fourth stage, the risk resulting from threats to key assets was evaluated through expert community assessments and questionnaires. The cumulative highest risks were assigned to the Post Office, Khoy Traditional Market, National Bank Central Branch of Khoy, Registry Office Building, former Telecommunications Building, Central Square (Imam Square), Tax Administration Building, Police Station No. 1 (former Shahrebani), Amir Kabir Passage, Khan Caravanserai, Old Municipality Building, Mostazafan Passage, Eghtesab Passage, Khosravi School, Khoy Museum and Old Library Building, and Ettehad Passage, respectively. Conclusion In the present study, the risk of key assets in the historical fabric of Khoy city was evaluated using the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) method. The risk assessment was conducted in three stages: asset identification, threat analysis, and vulnerability evaluation. In each of these stages, asset, threat, and vulnerability maps were produced within a GIS software environment. In the asset identification phase, 16 key assets were identified based on expert opinions and subsequently evaluated using criteria approved by the Passive Defense Organization. Following this, the threats, vulnerabilities, and risk levels of each key asset in the fabric were calculated. Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to reduce the risk in the historical fabric: • Locating and designing multi-purpose safe spaces (multi-purpose emergency shelters) within the fabric, preferably adjacent to main roads. • Avoiding the introduction of new land uses with vital importance inside the fabric. • Locating temporary shelter centers within the fabric, such as green spaces, sports complexes, religious, and educational facilities. • Considering small emergency units, such as fire stations, in the central part of the fabric. • Creating and organizing a street network that facilitates rapid evacuation and emergency response inside the fabric. • Increasing permeability in high-traffic areas of the fabric’s key centers. • Designating special routes for emergency vehicles at the main square of the fabric. • Planning alternative routes for paths prone to blockage. • Widening narrow main streets inside the fabric to allow the passage of emergency vehicles. • Maintaining a 300-meter buffer zone around hazardous land uses (those with potential for explosion, fire, or toxic emissions) relative to key assets inside the fabric (corresponding to the blast radius of a 2000-pound TNT bomb). • Relocating military land uses (excluding law enforcement such as police stations) outside the fabric. Vacated military sites should be repurposed as brownfields to address crisis management service shortages in the fabric. • Reducing obstruction, especially in the traditional market. • Educating residents of the fabric on necessary actions during crises, including engaging market merchants through building trust with the Cultural Heritage Organization of the city. • Reducing activity density in highly congested centers, with emphasis on the core of the fabric.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_727392_2c05b07f74308cfb89c6c2468847476d.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Distance and Explosive Load on Concrete Structures Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Distance and Explosive Load on Concrete Structures Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects 128 150 728076 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2057525.1179 FA Mohammad Emami Korandeh Assistant Professor of Geotechnical Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5305-1085 Saeed Farokhizadeh Assistant Professor of Construction Management, Department of Civil Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 09 The undeniable influence of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of structures, along with the increasing importance of explosive loads in the current global security context, has led to the modeling and sensitivity analysis of the effects of distance and explosive loads on concrete structures. In this study, three types of structures with 3, 7 and 15 stories were investigated. ETABS and ABAQUS software were used, with ETABS for the design of structural elements and ABAQUS for the analysis of soil-structure interaction effects. The results showed that increasing the distance of the explosion from the structure significantly reduces the force generated by the explosion, while increasing the weight of the explosive materials increases the applied force. However, the effect of distance is more pronounced compared to variations in TNT weight. The input energy and the induced displacements in the structures showed a significant correlation with the blast force. In all three structures studied, increasing the distance or decreasing the weight of the explosives resulted in reduced energy and displacement. In addition, increasing the number of stories significantly increased the displacements, with the 15-story structure experiencing greater displacement and energy absorption compared to the other structures. The damage pattern also varied; for example, in the 3-story structure, damage was observed primarily in the upper floors, in the 7-story structure, in the middle floors, and in the 15-story structure, in the lower floors. Maximum displacement occurred in the upper floors of the 3-story structure, the middle floors of the 7-story structure, and the lower floors of the 15-story structure. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant relationship between input energy, induced displacements, and explosive force in all three structures. The samples investigated in this study include three concrete medium moment frame structures: low-rise (3-story), mid-rise (7-story), and high-rise (15-story), under different conditions with and without consideration of soil-structure interaction. In order to evaluate the effect of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of concrete frames according to seismic regulations, three models were designed and categorized into 3, 7, and 15-story groups. Each of these three groups was analyzed and designed as a three-dimensional model using Etabs software. The distance between the explosion and the structure significantly affects the magnitude of the applied force, with the force decreasing sharply as the distance increases. The table below shows models S1 through S7 and the distances of a 100-kilogram explosive from the structure. The results of the analysis of models S1 through S7 are presented and discussed. In these models, the impact of a 100-kilogram TNT explosion on the middle floor of a 7-story building is applied at various distances between the center of the explosion and the building. It is observed that increasing the explosion distance significantly reduces the resulting displacement, with a particularly sharp decrease. It is also evident that increasing the blast distance beyond 1 meter results in a dramatic reduction in the stress exerted on the structure. Then, one frame of the designed models was simulated in ABAQUS software and its performance under two conditions-with and without soil-structure interaction-was evaluated by comparing parameters such as maximum roof displacement, bearing capacity, and stress among the models. Urban development is increasing construction demand due to limited space and high costs. High-rise buildings are popular due to hard-soiled sites, which constitute a significant portion of existing structures. Iran's location necessitates consideration of all possible scenarios. This article begins with an introduction to concrete moment frames on hard soils, including explosive loading. The second section discusses previous research and the theoretical foundations of methods for analyzing these systems. The third section presents the finite element method, ABAQUS software, and response validation. The fourth section discusses the results of designing and analyzing finite element models of 3-, 7-, and 15-story structures against explosion loads. This section ends with general findings and recommendations for future research. The main findings of this research can be summarized as follows: Increasing the number of stories results in significantly larger displacements, with the 15-story structure exhibiting more displacement and energy absorption than the other structures. The blast load spectrum is applied to the structure in two phases: compression and tension. Although the absolute magnitude of the tensile force in the blast spectrum is much smaller than the force in the initial compression phase, it is observed that after the completion of the compression phase, significant damage occurs during the reverse pressure phenomenon in the blast. The undeniable influence of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of structures, along with the increasing importance of explosive loads in the current global security context, has led to the modeling and sensitivity analysis of the effects of distance and explosive loads on concrete structures. In this study, three types of structures with 3, 7 and 15 stories were investigated. ETABS and ABAQUS software were used, with ETABS for the design of structural elements and ABAQUS for the analysis of soil-structure interaction effects. The results showed that increasing the distance of the explosion from the structure significantly reduces the force generated by the explosion, while increasing the weight of the explosive materials increases the applied force. However, the effect of distance is more pronounced compared to variations in TNT weight. The input energy and the induced displacements in the structures showed a significant correlation with the blast force. In all three structures studied, increasing the distance or decreasing the weight of the explosives resulted in reduced energy and displacement. In addition, increasing the number of stories significantly increased the displacements, with the 15-story structure experiencing greater displacement and energy absorption compared to the other structures. The damage pattern also varied; for example, in the 3-story structure, damage was observed primarily in the upper floors, in the 7-story structure, in the middle floors, and in the 15-story structure, in the lower floors. Maximum displacement occurred in the upper floors of the 3-story structure, the middle floors of the 7-story structure, and the lower floors of the 15-story structure. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant relationship between input energy, induced displacements, and explosive force in all three structures. The samples investigated in this study include three concrete medium moment frame structures: low-rise (3-story), mid-rise (7-story), and high-rise (15-story), under different conditions with and without consideration of soil-structure interaction. In order to evaluate the effect of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of concrete frames according to seismic regulations, three models were designed and categorized into 3, 7, and 15-story groups. Each of these three groups was analyzed and designed as a three-dimensional model using Etabs software. The distance between the explosion and the structure significantly affects the magnitude of the applied force, with the force decreasing sharply as the distance increases. The table below shows models S1 through S7 and the distances of a 100-kilogram explosive from the structure. The results of the analysis of models S1 through S7 are presented and discussed. In these models, the impact of a 100-kilogram TNT explosion on the middle floor of a 7-story building is applied at various distances between the center of the explosion and the building. It is observed that increasing the explosion distance significantly reduces the resulting displacement, with a particularly sharp decrease. It is also evident that increasing the blast distance beyond 1 meter results in a dramatic reduction in the stress exerted on the structure. Then, one frame of the designed models was simulated in ABAQUS software and its performance under two conditions-with and without soil-structure interaction-was evaluated by comparing parameters such as maximum roof displacement, bearing capacity, and stress among the models. Urban development is increasing construction demand due to limited space and high costs. High-rise buildings are popular due to hard-soiled sites, which constitute a significant portion of existing structures. Iran's location necessitates consideration of all possible scenarios. This article begins with an introduction to concrete moment frames on hard soils, including explosive loading. The second section discusses previous research and the theoretical foundations of methods for analyzing these systems. The third section presents the finite element method, ABAQUS software, and response validation. The fourth section discusses the results of designing and analyzing finite element models of 3-, 7-, and 15-story structures against explosion loads. This section ends with general findings and recommendations for future research. The main findings of this research can be summarized as follows: Increasing the number of stories results in significantly larger displacements, with the 15-story structure exhibiting more displacement and energy absorption than the other structures. The blast load spectrum is applied to the structure in two phases: compression and tension. Although the absolute magnitude of the tensile force in the blast spectrum is much smaller than the force in the initial compression phase, it is observed that after the completion of the compression phase, significant damage occurs during the reverse pressure phenomenon in the blast.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728076_de79a6c61e189ea6a0302643de14375c.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Analysis of the Impact of Double-Skin Facade Materials on Energy Consumption Optimization in the Design of Solar Residential Buildings in Cold Mountainous Climates Analysis of the Impact of Double-Skin Facade Materials on Energy Consumption Optimization in the Design of Solar Residential Buildings in Cold Mountainous Climates 151 168 728169 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2058561.1180 FA Roya Sadeghi Fereshteh Assistant Professor Department of Architecture Faculty of Dr. Ali Eqbali Sustainable Development, University College of Omran_Toseeh, Hamedan, Iran 0000-0003-2816-5926 Journal Article 2025 04 21 Analysis of the Impact of Double-Skin Facade Materials on Energy Optimization in Solar Residential Buildings Designed for Cold Mountainous Climates This research investigates the impact of double-skin facade (DSF) materials on optimizing energy consumption in solar residential buildings situated in cold mountainous climates. Given the climatic challenges of these regions, such as low temperatures and cold winds, the application of DSF systems is gaining attention as a sustainable strategy to reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal comfort. This study addresses how the selection of appropriate materials within DSFs can contribute to minimizing energy use and improving the thermal performance of buildings in this specific climate. A primary challenge in residential buildings within cold mountainous areas is the high energy consumption driven by the constant need for heating. Building envelopes designed without considering climatic architectural principles often lead to increased energy loss and reduced heating system efficiency. Consequently, optimizing facade design and utilizing appropriate building materials for exterior envelopes can significantly decrease energy demand. The DSF system, as an efficient sustainable design solution, facilitates a better balance between heat gain and loss. However, a comprehensive understanding of how different materials used within this system impact energy reduction specifically in cold mountainous climates is lacking, underscoring the need for this investigation. The primary objective of this research is to examine the influence of materials used in DSFs on reducing energy consumption in solar residential buildings designed for cold mountainous climates. The study aims to provide scientifically-backed recommendations for selecting optimal materials for double-skin envelopes to achieve energy savings while ensuring occupant thermal comfort . Key research questions explored include: What passive design strategies can enhance the thermal performance of residential buildings in cold mountainous climates? Which materials are most suitable for DSFs to minimize winter heat loss while preventing summer overheating? How can building orientation and form be optimized to mitigate negative effects of cold winter winds and reduce urban heat island effects in summer? What is the typical energy consumption pattern in conventional residential buildings in these areas, and how can DSF implementation optimize it? The methodology employs energy simulation using specialized software, namely EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Key variables analyzed include the properties of DSF materials (type, thickness, structure, thermal absorptivity/emissivity), building orientation, solar radiation levels, and specific climatic conditions. These factors were assessed for their impact on building energy consumption and internal thermal comfort conditions. Additionally, the performance of four distinct double-glazed window types (standard double-glazing, double-glazing with 4mm and 6mm panes, vertical shaft window, and an integrated window system) was evaluated using the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) thermal comfort index and heat exchange rate analysis Simulation results demonstrate that buildings incorporating DSFs exhibit lower energy consumption compared to conventional buildings. The extent of energy reduction is contingent upon the specific materials employed in the facade layers and the overall system design. The findings indicate that strategic material selection can effectively control heat exchange between the interior and exterior environments, thereby reducing the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Buildings utilizing DSFs showed a marked reduction in heating demand while simultaneously improving thermal comfort conditions . In essence, the DSF system contributes to reduced heating loads during winter and helps regulate internal temperatures during summer. The choice of materials and meticulous design significantly influence its optimal performance. These findings align with previous research, confirming the potential effectiveness of DSFs as a sustainable solution in cold climates. Research limitations include potential constraints in simulation data availability and the inherent accuracy limitations of software models . The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights for architects and designers aiming to optimize energy performance and create sustainable buildings in challenging climates. Utilizing optimal materials within DSFs can substantially decrease energy consumption in residential buildings located in cold mountainous regions. Specifically, materials possessing high thermal insulation properties and appropriate solar energy absorption capabilities demonstrate the greatest potential for minimizing winter heat loss and preventing excessive indoor temperature increases in summer. Furthermore, optimizing building orientation and integrating natural ventilation strategies can further enhance thermal performance. It is concluded that DSF implementation plays a significant role in energy reduction and thermal comfort improvement. Further research focusing on optimizing the thickness and combination of materials within DSFs is recommended. Architects designing solar buildings for cold climates are strongly encouraged to consider the integration of double-skin facades . Analysis of the Impact of Double-Skin Facade Materials on Energy Optimization in Solar Residential Buildings Designed for Cold Mountainous Climates This research investigates the impact of double-skin facade (DSF) materials on optimizing energy consumption in solar residential buildings situated in cold mountainous climates. Given the climatic challenges of these regions, such as low temperatures and cold winds, the application of DSF systems is gaining attention as a sustainable strategy to reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal comfort. This study addresses how the selection of appropriate materials within DSFs can contribute to minimizing energy use and improving the thermal performance of buildings in this specific climate. A primary challenge in residential buildings within cold mountainous areas is the high energy consumption driven by the constant need for heating. Building envelopes designed without considering climatic architectural principles often lead to increased energy loss and reduced heating system efficiency. Consequently, optimizing facade design and utilizing appropriate building materials for exterior envelopes can significantly decrease energy demand. The DSF system, as an efficient sustainable design solution, facilitates a better balance between heat gain and loss. However, a comprehensive understanding of how different materials used within this system impact energy reduction specifically in cold mountainous climates is lacking, underscoring the need for this investigation. The primary objective of this research is to examine the influence of materials used in DSFs on reducing energy consumption in solar residential buildings designed for cold mountainous climates. The study aims to provide scientifically-backed recommendations for selecting optimal materials for double-skin envelopes to achieve energy savings while ensuring occupant thermal comfort . Key research questions explored include: What passive design strategies can enhance the thermal performance of residential buildings in cold mountainous climates? Which materials are most suitable for DSFs to minimize winter heat loss while preventing summer overheating? How can building orientation and form be optimized to mitigate negative effects of cold winter winds and reduce urban heat island effects in summer? What is the typical energy consumption pattern in conventional residential buildings in these areas, and how can DSF implementation optimize it? The methodology employs energy simulation using specialized software, namely EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Key variables analyzed include the properties of DSF materials (type, thickness, structure, thermal absorptivity/emissivity), building orientation, solar radiation levels, and specific climatic conditions. These factors were assessed for their impact on building energy consumption and internal thermal comfort conditions. Additionally, the performance of four distinct double-glazed window types (standard double-glazing, double-glazing with 4mm and 6mm panes, vertical shaft window, and an integrated window system) was evaluated using the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) thermal comfort index and heat exchange rate analysis Simulation results demonstrate that buildings incorporating DSFs exhibit lower energy consumption compared to conventional buildings. The extent of energy reduction is contingent upon the specific materials employed in the facade layers and the overall system design. The findings indicate that strategic material selection can effectively control heat exchange between the interior and exterior environments, thereby reducing the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Buildings utilizing DSFs showed a marked reduction in heating demand while simultaneously improving thermal comfort conditions . In essence, the DSF system contributes to reduced heating loads during winter and helps regulate internal temperatures during summer. The choice of materials and meticulous design significantly influence its optimal performance. These findings align with previous research, confirming the potential effectiveness of DSFs as a sustainable solution in cold climates. Research limitations include potential constraints in simulation data availability and the inherent accuracy limitations of software models . The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights for architects and designers aiming to optimize energy performance and create sustainable buildings in challenging climates. Utilizing optimal materials within DSFs can substantially decrease energy consumption in residential buildings located in cold mountainous regions. Specifically, materials possessing high thermal insulation properties and appropriate solar energy absorption capabilities demonstrate the greatest potential for minimizing winter heat loss and preventing excessive indoor temperature increases in summer. Furthermore, optimizing building orientation and integrating natural ventilation strategies can further enhance thermal performance. It is concluded that DSF implementation plays a significant role in energy reduction and thermal comfort improvement. Further research focusing on optimizing the thickness and combination of materials within DSFs is recommended. Architects designing solar buildings for cold climates are strongly encouraged to consider the integration of double-skin facades .

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728169_2a38dd298e6f1b0720c5e12ff0dcb7d7.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Prioritizing Port Resilience Drivers and Strategies: A Case Study of Chabahar Port Prioritizing Port Resilience Drivers and Strategies: A Case Study of Chabahar Port 169 185 728178 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2061322.1185 FA Abdollah Jafari Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Management, Ports and Maritime Organization, Tehran, Iran Javad Talebimatin Crisis Management, Ports and Maritime Organization, Tehran, Iran Fereshteh Shanbehpoor Crisis Management Expert, Ports and Maritime Organization, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8593-5096 Journal Article 2025 05 21 Port resilience to various threats such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, supply chain disruptions, and cyberattacks depends on effective passive defense strategies. These strategies include strengthening infrastructure with disaster-resistant design, establishing early warning systems and crisis management plans, training and preparing personnel, diversifying supply sources and logistics chains, and deploying advanced security systems to counter cyber and terrorist attacks. Disruptive events are increasingly challenging the operations and infrastructure of ports around the world, emphasizing the need for resilience programs to maintain operational continuity during crises. Passive defense, as a preparedness to deal with various natural and unnatural disasters and accidents, is an approach that can enhance port resilience. The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience with respect to the passive defense approach. In this regard, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been used to achieve the aforementioned goal, and to demonstrate its effectiveness, a case study for Chabahar Port, as a sensitive port in the country, focusing on various stakeholders, has been presented. The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port include flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest ranking of sub-drivers are respectively related to the crisis management group from the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy from the main driver of redundancy. These results provide practical and applicable implications for specific port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies. Extended Abstract: Introduction, The maritime supply chain is crucial for international trade, with approximately 80% of global transport handled by sea. However, this chain has become increasingly vulnerable due to the high interdependence among stakeholders. Within the chain, ports serve as essential components that link maritime and inland operations. Nevertheless, port operations are prone to damage from human activities, natural events, or disasters. Therefore, any disruption in port operations can lead to severe socio-economic crises and affect stakeholders. In this context, key drivers and strategies that enhance resilience are vital for the efficient development of port operations. Furthermore, prioritizing these factors and comprehensively understanding their complex relationships is of utmost importance. Allocating resources during a crisis is crucial, as sudden resource shortages can create problems with the necessary capacity in terms of expertise, space, and available financial resources. Achieving resilience in a system necessitates prioritizing factors that positively influence resilience by creating a hierarchical structure. Methodology, The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience regarding the passive defense approach. In this context, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been employed to achieve the stated goal and to demonstrate its effectiveness. A case study of Chabahar Port, a sensitive port in the country, is presented with a focus on various stakeholders. The primary objective of this method is to identify the most critical relationships between variables and to construct an access and antecedent matrix. It is important to note that this matrix will be used as input for further assessments. Results and discussion, The location of ports along the coastline exposes them to direct threats and enemy naval attacks. Therefore, the development of the country's ports, which is crucial for urban and economic development, requires passive defense measures to reduce the vulnerability of these vital centers and prevent any interruptions to the country's economic cycle in the event of threats. Passive defense methods in ports have been considered at different times based on available resources and needs, proving effective in their respective contexts. These defensive measures are vital and necessary to protect ports, especially those that are sensitive, vital, and strategic. The study conducted on Chabahar Port, which is the only sensitive port in the country, indicates that the driver of "communications and chain of contacts" has the highest impact, while the driver of "crisis management teams" also demonstrates significant influence. Furthermore, the drivers of "crisis management teams" and "communications and chain of contacts" have the highest interaction with other sub-drivers, whereas the drivers of "redundancy of energy resources and redundancy of critical work equipment" show the lowest interaction. The analysis of the importance and impact of the main drivers at this port reveals that flexibility ranks the highest and information security ranks the lowest. Conclusion, The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port are flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest rankings of the sub-drivers are related to the crisis management group of the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy of the main driver of redundancy, respectively. These results provide practical and applied implications for port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies. Keywords: Resilience, DEMATEL, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Sensitive Ports, Port Operations. Port resilience to various threats such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, supply chain disruptions, and cyberattacks depends on effective passive defense strategies. These strategies include strengthening infrastructure with disaster-resistant design, establishing early warning systems and crisis management plans, training and preparing personnel, diversifying supply sources and logistics chains, and deploying advanced security systems to counter cyber and terrorist attacks. Disruptive events are increasingly challenging the operations and infrastructure of ports around the world, emphasizing the need for resilience programs to maintain operational continuity during crises. Passive defense, as a preparedness to deal with various natural and unnatural disasters and accidents, is an approach that can enhance port resilience. The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience with respect to the passive defense approach. In this regard, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been used to achieve the aforementioned goal, and to demonstrate its effectiveness, a case study for Chabahar Port, as a sensitive port in the country, focusing on various stakeholders, has been presented. The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port include flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest ranking of sub-drivers are respectively related to the crisis management group from the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy from the main driver of redundancy. These results provide practical and applicable implications for specific port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies. Extended Abstract: Introduction, The maritime supply chain is crucial for international trade, with approximately 80% of global transport handled by sea. However, this chain has become increasingly vulnerable due to the high interdependence among stakeholders. Within the chain, ports serve as essential components that link maritime and inland operations. Nevertheless, port operations are prone to damage from human activities, natural events, or disasters. Therefore, any disruption in port operations can lead to severe socio-economic crises and affect stakeholders. In this context, key drivers and strategies that enhance resilience are vital for the efficient development of port operations. Furthermore, prioritizing these factors and comprehensively understanding their complex relationships is of utmost importance. Allocating resources during a crisis is crucial, as sudden resource shortages can create problems with the necessary capacity in terms of expertise, space, and available financial resources. Achieving resilience in a system necessitates prioritizing factors that positively influence resilience by creating a hierarchical structure. Methodology, The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience regarding the passive defense approach. In this context, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been employed to achieve the stated goal and to demonstrate its effectiveness. A case study of Chabahar Port, a sensitive port in the country, is presented with a focus on various stakeholders. The primary objective of this method is to identify the most critical relationships between variables and to construct an access and antecedent matrix. It is important to note that this matrix will be used as input for further assessments. Results and discussion, The location of ports along the coastline exposes them to direct threats and enemy naval attacks. Therefore, the development of the country's ports, which is crucial for urban and economic development, requires passive defense measures to reduce the vulnerability of these vital centers and prevent any interruptions to the country's economic cycle in the event of threats. Passive defense methods in ports have been considered at different times based on available resources and needs, proving effective in their respective contexts. These defensive measures are vital and necessary to protect ports, especially those that are sensitive, vital, and strategic. The study conducted on Chabahar Port, which is the only sensitive port in the country, indicates that the driver of "communications and chain of contacts" has the highest impact, while the driver of "crisis management teams" also demonstrates significant influence. Furthermore, the drivers of "crisis management teams" and "communications and chain of contacts" have the highest interaction with other sub-drivers, whereas the drivers of "redundancy of energy resources and redundancy of critical work equipment" show the lowest interaction. The analysis of the importance and impact of the main drivers at this port reveals that flexibility ranks the highest and information security ranks the lowest. Conclusion, The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port are flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest rankings of the sub-drivers are related to the crisis management group of the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy of the main driver of redundancy, respectively. These results provide practical and applied implications for port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies. Keywords: Resilience, DEMATEL, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Sensitive Ports, Port Operations.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728178_0826fa2d0ccccd30df6b2d8fa2fd38ae.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Evaluation of Safe City Components within the Framework of Urmia Urban Transport Management Policies Evaluation of Safe City Components within the Framework of Urmia Urban Transport Management Policies 186 224 732296 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2076247.1225 FA Ali Ghanbari Nasrabadi . PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning,Ara.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 0009-0002-8777-8749 Masoud Haghlesan Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ilk.C., Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi, Iran. 0000-0001-9826-0086 Mostafa Basiri Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ilk.C., Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi, Iran. 0000-0002-3013-1496 Mir Saeed Moosavi . Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0001-8142-665X Journal Article 2025 10 30 Extended Abstract: Introduction The rapid increase in urban population, the physical expansion of cities, and the increasing dependence of people's lives on transportation networks have made the issue of urban safety, especially in the field of citizen transportation, one of the main concerns of urban managers and planners. Like many large cities in the country, Urmia faces issues such as high traffic density, lack of road safety infrastructure, risky driver behavior, and poor monitoring of transportation flow. These challenges not only lead to an increase in traffic accidents and loss of life and property but also reinforce the feeling of insecurity and a decrease in the quality of life among citizens. Urmia, as one of the metropolises in the northwest of the country, faces serious challenges in the field of transportation safety and sustainability with rapid horizontal growth, increased dependence on private cars with a share of more than 69 percent in the transportation structure, and the concentration of traffic in central areas. This situation, in addition to threatening the quality of life and urban security, despite the city's potential capacities in developing public transportation and pedestrian-oriented spaces, doubles the need for a serious review of transportation policies and their relationship with safe city components. Despite a significant volume of research in the field of urban transportation management, few studies have purposefully examined the relationship between safe city components and transportation policies, especially in medium-sized and smaller cities such as Urmia, which face their challenges. Most of the existing studies have an analytical approach focused on metropolises and have not used a descriptive-analytical approach with case analysis at the local level. The goal of this research is to determine how Urmia's urban transportation management policies can evaluate safe city components. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation. The statistical population of this research consists of the citizens of Urmia City, with a population of 1,040,565 people. To determine the sample size, the standard Cochran formula with an error level of 5 percent was used, based on which 383 people were obtained as the final sample size. This method, which is known as a valid tool in research, ensures that the selected sample has the necessary ability to reflect the characteristics of the target population and that the results of the research can be generalized to the entire statistical population. A closed questionnaire with a Likert scale with 26 items is used to collect the required data. The validity of the questionnaire will be confirmed by several experts in the field of urban management and transportation, and its reliability will be measured by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient using SPSS software. The quantitative data collected will be subjected to statistical analysis (including descriptive and inferential statistics) using SPSS software. Also, SEM structural equation analysis will be used with the help of Smart PLS software to test the research hypotheses and examine the relationships between variables. Results and discussion According to the results, the calculated t-values between all independent and dependent variables in the model are greater than 1.96 and are significant at the 95% level, so that the physical component has the highest rank and the economic component has the lowest rank in the safe city components. The test can also be applied to continuous data (distance or relative), but their ranking is also taken into account when calculating this data. According to the results of the Friedman test of the ranking of the items of the economic component, since the significance level is equal to 0.000 and is reported to be smaller than the standard error level of 0.05, it can be inferred that the average acquired rank of each of the items of the economic component is statistically significantly different from each other. This means that the item "Paying attention to economic infrastructure can help improve the labor market in the region" received the highest ranking, while the item "Costs related to transportation management should be considered with special care in urban planning" received the lowest ranking among the items of the economic component. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, the evaluation of safe city components within the framework of urban transportation management policies in Urmia shows that all economic, physical, socio-cultural, and environmental components are in a favorable state. The average scores of these components are above average (3) and are statistically significant. In particular, the physical component with the highest average (3.697) and composite reliability (0.937) was identified as the most influential dimension, while the economic component with an average of 3.381 was assigned the lowest rank among the components. These results indicate that transportation management policies in Urmia, especially in the area of physical and environmental infrastructure, have been able to help improve urban safety. The findings of this study are consistent with the results of domestic and foreign studies. Extended Abstract: Introduction The rapid increase in urban population, the physical expansion of cities, and the increasing dependence of people's lives on transportation networks have made the issue of urban safety, especially in the field of citizen transportation, one of the main concerns of urban managers and planners. Like many large cities in the country, Urmia faces issues such as high traffic density, lack of road safety infrastructure, risky driver behavior, and poor monitoring of transportation flow. These challenges not only lead to an increase in traffic accidents and loss of life and property but also reinforce the feeling of insecurity and a decrease in the quality of life among citizens. Urmia, as one of the metropolises in the northwest of the country, faces serious challenges in the field of transportation safety and sustainability with rapid horizontal growth, increased dependence on private cars with a share of more than 69 percent in the transportation structure, and the concentration of traffic in central areas. This situation, in addition to threatening the quality of life and urban security, despite the city's potential capacities in developing public transportation and pedestrian-oriented spaces, doubles the need for a serious review of transportation policies and their relationship with safe city components. Despite a significant volume of research in the field of urban transportation management, few studies have purposefully examined the relationship between safe city components and transportation policies, especially in medium-sized and smaller cities such as Urmia, which face their challenges. Most of the existing studies have an analytical approach focused on metropolises and have not used a descriptive-analytical approach with case analysis at the local level. The goal of this research is to determine how Urmia's urban transportation management policies can evaluate safe city components. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation. The statistical population of this research consists of the citizens of Urmia City, with a population of 1,040,565 people. To determine the sample size, the standard Cochran formula with an error level of 5 percent was used, based on which 383 people were obtained as the final sample size. This method, which is known as a valid tool in research, ensures that the selected sample has the necessary ability to reflect the characteristics of the target population and that the results of the research can be generalized to the entire statistical population. A closed questionnaire with a Likert scale with 26 items is used to collect the required data. The validity of the questionnaire will be confirmed by several experts in the field of urban management and transportation, and its reliability will be measured by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient using SPSS software. The quantitative data collected will be subjected to statistical analysis (including descriptive and inferential statistics) using SPSS software. Also, SEM structural equation analysis will be used with the help of Smart PLS software to test the research hypotheses and examine the relationships between variables. Results and discussion According to the results, the calculated t-values between all independent and dependent variables in the model are greater than 1.96 and are significant at the 95% level, so that the physical component has the highest rank and the economic component has the lowest rank in the safe city components. The test can also be applied to continuous data (distance or relative), but their ranking is also taken into account when calculating this data. According to the results of the Friedman test of the ranking of the items of the economic component, since the significance level is equal to 0.000 and is reported to be smaller than the standard error level of 0.05, it can be inferred that the average acquired rank of each of the items of the economic component is statistically significantly different from each other. This means that the item "Paying attention to economic infrastructure can help improve the labor market in the region" received the highest ranking, while the item "Costs related to transportation management should be considered with special care in urban planning" received the lowest ranking among the items of the economic component. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, the evaluation of safe city components within the framework of urban transportation management policies in Urmia shows that all economic, physical, socio-cultural, and environmental components are in a favorable state. The average scores of these components are above average (3) and are statistically significant. In particular, the physical component with the highest average (3.697) and composite reliability (0.937) was identified as the most influential dimension, while the economic component with an average of 3.381 was assigned the lowest rank among the components. These results indicate that transportation management policies in Urmia, especially in the area of physical and environmental infrastructure, have been able to help improve urban safety. The findings of this study are consistent with the results of domestic and foreign studies.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732296_2311ad4a1634d9d860f7d925862f5c58.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Identifying Safety-Oriented Components of the Equipment Supply Chain in Flare Gas Recovery Project Management: A Case Study of Bidboland Gas Refinery Identifying Safety-Oriented Components of the Equipment Supply Chain in Flare Gas Recovery Project Management: A Case Study of Bidboland Gas Refinery 225 247 733871 10.22034/ispdrc.2026.2081966.1238 FA Peymaneh Asgari Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8365-0679 Nahal Goodarzi PhD Student, Department of Project and Construction Management, Faculty of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 12 25 Introduction The oil, gas, and petrochemical sector constitutes the backbone of Iran’s economy and is characterized by large-scale, capital-intensive projects that require rigorous planning, effective management, and systematic safety assurance. Among the most critical phases of such projects is equipment procurement, which plays a decisive role in ensuring operational safety, technical reliability, cost efficiency, and timely project delivery. Due to technical complexity, international sanctions, economic volatility, and the diversity of specialized equipment, inadequately secured procurement processes may lead to financial losses, safety incidents, quality degradation, schedule delays, and disruptions during commissioning and operation. The Bidboland flare gas recovery project, located in Khuzestan Province and recognized as the largest gas refinery in West Asia, represents a strategic national initiative aimed at capturing flared gas, reducing environmental pollution, and enhancing petrochemical production capacity. Although the refinery has a designed processing capacity of approximately two billion standard cubic feet of gas per day, it currently operates at nearly 40% capacity due to feedstock limitations. The recovery and transmission of associated gas from surrounding oil fields are essential for achieving full operational capacity. Given the strategic importance, scale, and complexity of this project, ensuring a safety-oriented equipment supply chain is crucial, as any disruption in procurement directly affects project cost, schedule, quality, and commissioning safety. Previous studies emphasize the importance of proactive and structured approaches to securing equipment procurement in large industrial projects. Research has shown that insufficient attention to procurement safety can result in cost overruns, delays, and serious safety incidents (Peck & Kowaruska, 2013; Adafin et al., 2016; El-Redy, 2012). More recent studies highlight procurement challenges related to supplier reliability, equipment authenticity, logistics constraints, sanctions, and financial instability, underscoring the necessity of systematic safety-oriented procurement management in oil and gas megaprojects (Abdulameer & Haron, 2022; Forough et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022; Zein & Hassan, 2022). Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the key components affecting the safety of the equipment supply chain in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project and to propose practical managerial and preventive strategies for enhancing procurement safety. The study seeks to address two main questions: (1) What are the critical factors influencing safety-oriented equipment procurement in the project? and (2) Which managerial and preventive measures can effectively enhance procurement safety and reliability? Background Safety-oriented procurement management refers to a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and controlling potential disruptions in the equipment supply chain to ensure technical compliance, quality assurance, operational safety, and project continuity (ISO, 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). In large-scale oil and gas projects, equipment procurement is a strategic function due to specialized technical requirements, financial exposure, logistical complexity, and external constraints such as sanctions and market volatility (Farooq et al., 2020; Abdulameer & Haron, 2022). Ensuring procurement safety involves supplier qualification, verification of technical specifications, quality inspections, logistics supervision, and continuous monitoring of supply chain performance to prevent the use of substandard or non-compliant equipment (Hosseini et al., 2019; Zein & Hassan, 2022). Key dimensions influencing procurement safety include technical and quality aspects, financial and currency conditions, logistics and commercial arrangements, contractual and legal frameworks, political and sanctions-related constraints, and compliance with safety standards. Effective management of these dimensions enhances overall project safety, quality, cost control, and schedule performance (Farooq et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022). According to PMBOK (2021) and ISO 31000 (2019), systematic identification and evaluation of procurement-related uncertainties—through data collection, environmental analysis, expert consultation, document review, classification, and continuous updating—form the foundation for safety-oriented decision-making in complex projects. Methodology This study is applied in purpose and qualitative in methodology. A thematic analysis approach was employed to identify concepts, patterns, and themes related to safety-oriented equipment procurement in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project. Data were collected through document review, analysis of project reports, and semi-structured interviews with project managers, technical supervisors, and procurement specialists selected via purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Interview transcripts were analyzed through three stages of coding: open coding to extract initial concepts, axial coding to categorize related concepts, and selective coding to identify core themes associated with procurement safety. Expert judgment was used to assess the probability and impact of identified procurement disruptions using a five-point scale. The resulting priority indices were calculated and used to classify components into low, medium, and high safety-priority levels. The research process was aligned with ISO 31000 guidelines and PMBOK standards to ensure methodological rigor and applicability to industrial oil and gas projects. Findings The analysis led to the identification of 35 components affecting the safety of equipment procurement in the flare gas recovery project. These components were structured in cause–effect relationships and evaluated in terms of probability and impact. Based on expert assessment, 23 components were classified as having high safety priority, indicating a critical need for managerial attention and preventive action. For each high-priority component, appropriate safety-oriented strategies were formulated to enhance procurement reliability and project safety. Results and discussion The findings demonstrate that safety-oriented management of equipment procurement is strongly influenced by coordination among project stakeholders, quality control mechanisms, supplier reliability, logistical planning, and external economic and regulatory conditions. The proposed strategies—derived from expert experience and best practices in similar industrial projects—emphasize preventive planning, enhanced quality assurance, supplier evaluation, contractual clarity, and continuous monitoring of procurement activities. Implementing these strategies can significantly reduce financial and human losses, improve equipment quality, and prevent schedule delays. Overall, adopting a structured and safety-oriented approach to equipment procurement contributes to improving the safety, efficiency, and timely execution of large-scale flare gas recovery projects. Conciusion The results of this study provide a practical and systematic framework for enhancing safety-oriented equipment procurement in oil and gas projects. The identified components and proposed strategies can support managerial decision-making, improve supply chain resilience, and promote sustainable and safe project execution. The framework developed in this research can be applied to similar industrial projects, particularly in the context of flare gas recovery initiatives. Introduction The oil, gas, and petrochemical sector constitutes the backbone of Iran’s economy and is characterized by large-scale, capital-intensive projects that require rigorous planning, effective management, and systematic safety assurance. Among the most critical phases of such projects is equipment procurement, which plays a decisive role in ensuring operational safety, technical reliability, cost efficiency, and timely project delivery. Due to technical complexity, international sanctions, economic volatility, and the diversity of specialized equipment, inadequately secured procurement processes may lead to financial losses, safety incidents, quality degradation, schedule delays, and disruptions during commissioning and operation. The Bidboland flare gas recovery project, located in Khuzestan Province and recognized as the largest gas refinery in West Asia, represents a strategic national initiative aimed at capturing flared gas, reducing environmental pollution, and enhancing petrochemical production capacity. Although the refinery has a designed processing capacity of approximately two billion standard cubic feet of gas per day, it currently operates at nearly 40% capacity due to feedstock limitations. The recovery and transmission of associated gas from surrounding oil fields are essential for achieving full operational capacity. Given the strategic importance, scale, and complexity of this project, ensuring a safety-oriented equipment supply chain is crucial, as any disruption in procurement directly affects project cost, schedule, quality, and commissioning safety. Previous studies emphasize the importance of proactive and structured approaches to securing equipment procurement in large industrial projects. Research has shown that insufficient attention to procurement safety can result in cost overruns, delays, and serious safety incidents (Peck & Kowaruska, 2013; Adafin et al., 2016; El-Redy, 2012). More recent studies highlight procurement challenges related to supplier reliability, equipment authenticity, logistics constraints, sanctions, and financial instability, underscoring the necessity of systematic safety-oriented procurement management in oil and gas megaprojects (Abdulameer & Haron, 2022; Forough et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022; Zein & Hassan, 2022). Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the key components affecting the safety of the equipment supply chain in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project and to propose practical managerial and preventive strategies for enhancing procurement safety. The study seeks to address two main questions: (1) What are the critical factors influencing safety-oriented equipment procurement in the project? and (2) Which managerial and preventive measures can effectively enhance procurement safety and reliability? Background Safety-oriented procurement management refers to a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and controlling potential disruptions in the equipment supply chain to ensure technical compliance, quality assurance, operational safety, and project continuity (ISO, 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). In large-scale oil and gas projects, equipment procurement is a strategic function due to specialized technical requirements, financial exposure, logistical complexity, and external constraints such as sanctions and market volatility (Farooq et al., 2020; Abdulameer & Haron, 2022). Ensuring procurement safety involves supplier qualification, verification of technical specifications, quality inspections, logistics supervision, and continuous monitoring of supply chain performance to prevent the use of substandard or non-compliant equipment (Hosseini et al., 2019; Zein & Hassan, 2022). Key dimensions influencing procurement safety include technical and quality aspects, financial and currency conditions, logistics and commercial arrangements, contractual and legal frameworks, political and sanctions-related constraints, and compliance with safety standards. Effective management of these dimensions enhances overall project safety, quality, cost control, and schedule performance (Farooq et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022). According to PMBOK (2021) and ISO 31000 (2019), systematic identification and evaluation of procurement-related uncertainties—through data collection, environmental analysis, expert consultation, document review, classification, and continuous updating—form the foundation for safety-oriented decision-making in complex projects. Methodology This study is applied in purpose and qualitative in methodology. A thematic analysis approach was employed to identify concepts, patterns, and themes related to safety-oriented equipment procurement in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project. Data were collected through document review, analysis of project reports, and semi-structured interviews with project managers, technical supervisors, and procurement specialists selected via purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Interview transcripts were analyzed through three stages of coding: open coding to extract initial concepts, axial coding to categorize related concepts, and selective coding to identify core themes associated with procurement safety. Expert judgment was used to assess the probability and impact of identified procurement disruptions using a five-point scale. The resulting priority indices were calculated and used to classify components into low, medium, and high safety-priority levels. The research process was aligned with ISO 31000 guidelines and PMBOK standards to ensure methodological rigor and applicability to industrial oil and gas projects. Findings The analysis led to the identification of 35 components affecting the safety of equipment procurement in the flare gas recovery project. These components were structured in cause–effect relationships and evaluated in terms of probability and impact. Based on expert assessment, 23 components were classified as having high safety priority, indicating a critical need for managerial attention and preventive action. For each high-priority component, appropriate safety-oriented strategies were formulated to enhance procurement reliability and project safety. Results and discussion The findings demonstrate that safety-oriented management of equipment procurement is strongly influenced by coordination among project stakeholders, quality control mechanisms, supplier reliability, logistical planning, and external economic and regulatory conditions. The proposed strategies—derived from expert experience and best practices in similar industrial projects—emphasize preventive planning, enhanced quality assurance, supplier evaluation, contractual clarity, and continuous monitoring of procurement activities. Implementing these strategies can significantly reduce financial and human losses, improve equipment quality, and prevent schedule delays. Overall, adopting a structured and safety-oriented approach to equipment procurement contributes to improving the safety, efficiency, and timely execution of large-scale flare gas recovery projects. Conciusion The results of this study provide a practical and systematic framework for enhancing safety-oriented equipment procurement in oil and gas projects. The identified components and proposed strategies can support managerial decision-making, improve supply chain resilience, and promote sustainable and safe project execution. The framework developed in this research can be applied to similar industrial projects, particularly in the context of flare gas recovery initiatives.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733871_6723a1cb3b98ff974aa84db6a5ec46f2.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Iranian and Islamic motifs and images in Mashhad's urban graphics Iranian and Islamic motifs and images in Mashhad's urban graphics 248 269 733468 10.22034/ispdrc.2026.2081736.1237 FA Farangiss Khavari دانشگاه الزهرا. 0009-0003-0518-5737 Elaheh Panjehbashi Associate Professor of Painting Department, Faculty of AlZahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-0518-5737 Journal Article 2025 12 23 Results and discussion Environmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Valuable urban spaces from an environmental aesthetics perspective include: Exposure to nature, the presence of sustainable plants, the absence of traffic and noise pollution, the presence of natural places, the preservation of natural resources, creating a positive feeling in the individual by observing hygiene and cleanliness, inducing a sense of peace, arousing a sense of aesthetics, spatial organization such as clarity and lighting, coordination and organization of elements, appropriate location, attention to social and historical characteristics. In addition, there have been bans in various countries under the name of urban aesthetic control, including; Signage restrictions, height restrictions, overall coordination of buildings, off-street parking and loading areas, specific landscape elements required, percentage of open space required, Review of volume and mass, materials and texture, color and finish, style and character, maximum and minimum building and parking lot sizes, visual regulations, air pollution, underground utility requirements, percentage of site designated for landscaping, silhouette or cross-section review, facade clarity review, public art, etc. Environmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Analyzing the meaning of symbols in an image can make the transmission of graphic design information more scientific, more precise, and increase the expression techniques that are applicable in the field of artistic creation and graphic design and play a vital role in culture and information between people. Symbols in semiotics are systematic symbols that people use to convey meaning. A symbol in graphic design, as a non-verbal sign, has many similarities to linguistic symbols. Patterns contain symbols and act as a powerful medium for expressing cultural identity, religious values, and geographical diversity. The feeling of security in urban spaces is considered one of the most important indicators of the quality of space, and conversely, the feeling of insecurity and the concerns arising from it overshadow other human activities. Although security is a complex issue with diverse and numerous socio-economic and cultural dimensions, the role and impact of environmental factors should not be overlooked in ensuring this. Security has always been considered one of the most fundamental needs and one of the main factors in the sustainability of human societies, and with the increasing complexity of societies, the conditions for providing and resolving it have also become more complex. Conclusion As a sample, 12 urban graphic works of Mashhad and the motifs used in them were examined and studied, based on the type of motif, to the extent possible and the time allowed for discussion. The results of this study show that there are many commonalities between pre-Islamic and post-Islamic motifs in Iran. Based on the research objectives, the history of the formation of motifs in Iran is classified into early motifs, ancient motifs, and Islamic motifs, and the motifs used in the graphics of Mashhad can be classified into various types: plant, human, animal, abstract, composite, written, and geometric motifs. The present study explains that the images used in Mashhad's urban graphic works are not used solely for decoration, and the majority of them have a valuable historical and cultural background in Iran, so that one can understand the fascinating roots and significant connection of prehistoric images with Islamic images. In addition, the presence of the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) and the proximity of Ferdowsi's tomb, etc., have a significant impact on the selection of content and concepts of Mashhad's urban art. In response to the third question, the results indicate the significant role of cultural, artistic, economic, and social security of urban spaces in the creation and protection of urban graphic works and the transmission of the concepts of Iranian motifs before and after Islam to other generations. Environmental graphic works, as signs of visual language in messaging, convey the message to the audience in the shortest possible time. In the foundations of urban aesthetics, the most important factors in the value of urban spaces are the presence of valuable works of art, safety and security, and the manifestation of cultural, social, and historical characteristics in urban spaces, which increase the aesthetic values of the city, as well as improving the visual level of urban spaces and creating interactive and memorable spaces that have a significant impact on the audience. Results and discussion Environmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Valuable urban spaces from an environmental aesthetics perspective include: Exposure to nature, the presence of sustainable plants, the absence of traffic and noise pollution, the presence of natural places, the preservation of natural resources, creating a positive feeling in the individual by observing hygiene and cleanliness, inducing a sense of peace, arousing a sense of aesthetics, spatial organization such as clarity and lighting, coordination and organization of elements, appropriate location, attention to social and historical characteristics. In addition, there have been bans in various countries under the name of urban aesthetic control, including; Signage restrictions, height restrictions, overall coordination of buildings, off-street parking and loading areas, specific landscape elements required, percentage of open space required, Review of volume and mass, materials and texture, color and finish, style and character, maximum and minimum building and parking lot sizes, visual regulations, air pollution, underground utility requirements, percentage of site designated for landscaping, silhouette or cross-section review, facade clarity review, public art, etc. Environmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Analyzing the meaning of symbols in an image can make the transmission of graphic design information more scientific, more precise, and increase the expression techniques that are applicable in the field of artistic creation and graphic design and play a vital role in culture and information between people. Symbols in semiotics are systematic symbols that people use to convey meaning. A symbol in graphic design, as a non-verbal sign, has many similarities to linguistic symbols. Patterns contain symbols and act as a powerful medium for expressing cultural identity, religious values, and geographical diversity. The feeling of security in urban spaces is considered one of the most important indicators of the quality of space, and conversely, the feeling of insecurity and the concerns arising from it overshadow other human activities. Although security is a complex issue with diverse and numerous socio-economic and cultural dimensions, the role and impact of environmental factors should not be overlooked in ensuring this. Security has always been considered one of the most fundamental needs and one of the main factors in the sustainability of human societies, and with the increasing complexity of societies, the conditions for providing and resolving it have also become more complex. Conclusion As a sample, 12 urban graphic works of Mashhad and the motifs used in them were examined and studied, based on the type of motif, to the extent possible and the time allowed for discussion. The results of this study show that there are many commonalities between pre-Islamic and post-Islamic motifs in Iran. Based on the research objectives, the history of the formation of motifs in Iran is classified into early motifs, ancient motifs, and Islamic motifs, and the motifs used in the graphics of Mashhad can be classified into various types: plant, human, animal, abstract, composite, written, and geometric motifs. The present study explains that the images used in Mashhad's urban graphic works are not used solely for decoration, and the majority of them have a valuable historical and cultural background in Iran, so that one can understand the fascinating roots and significant connection of prehistoric images with Islamic images. In addition, the presence of the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) and the proximity of Ferdowsi's tomb, etc., have a significant impact on the selection of content and concepts of Mashhad's urban art. In response to the third question, the results indicate the significant role of cultural, artistic, economic, and social security of urban spaces in the creation and protection of urban graphic works and the transmission of the concepts of Iranian motifs before and after Islam to other generations. Environmental graphic works, as signs of visual language in messaging, convey the message to the audience in the shortest possible time. In the foundations of urban aesthetics, the most important factors in the value of urban spaces are the presence of valuable works of art, safety and security, and the manifestation of cultural, social, and historical characteristics in urban spaces, which increase the aesthetic values of the city, as well as improving the visual level of urban spaces and creating interactive and memorable spaces that have a significant impact on the audience.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733468_c34c1b8e511517b0b98a07b701ef3304.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Enhanced Computational Efficiency for Critical Infrastructure Resilience: A QCA-Based Approach Enhanced Computational Efficiency for Critical Infrastructure Resilience: A QCA-Based Approach 270 290 741717 10.22034/scj.2026.2104973.1275 FA Atoosa Kameli Department of Computer Engineering, ST.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5354-674X Roshanak Rafiei Nazari Department of Physics, ST.C,., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4395-4018 Razieh Farazkish Department of Computer Engineering, ST.,C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0007-5993-0332 Journal Article 2026 03 21 Extended Abstract Introduction Critical infrastructures such as power distribution, water networks, transportation control and emergency communications rely on embedded processors for monitoring and control, and these processors must remain functional when energy is scarce or supplied by backup sources. Hardware with very low power dissipation, small area and simple fabrication therefore supports infrastructure resilience. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a transistor-less nanocomputing paradigm in which binary information is represented by cell polarization and propagated through Coulombic interaction without current flow, which makes it a promising candidate for such processors. The one-bit full adder is a key arithmetic block, because its area, delay and reliability directly influence ripple-carry adders, arithmetic logic units and other datapath structures. However, many compact QCA full adders achieve low cell counts only through multilayer crossings or rotated cells, which complicates fabrication. In our previous study, an optimized 12-cell three-input XOR (XOR3) gate based on half-distance placement and explicit cell interaction was proposed and verified by simulation and by a physical proof. The present study examines whether this gate can be turned, without structural change, into a complete single-layer, crossover-free full adder that remains competitive with recent designs. Its new contributions are the full-adder architecture and layout, the simulation results, the physical proof of the carry path and a systematic comparison with 2025–2026 designs. Methodology The logical architecture follows SUM = A ⊕ B ⊕ Cin and Cout = M(A, B, Cin). The XOR3 block of the earlier work is retained unchanged for SUM, while a three-input majority gate produces the carry. Inputs A and B reach the majority gate through two consecutive two-cell interconnections, a half-cell-shifted pair and a diagonal pair, each of which inverts the signal, so that both inputs arrive in their true form. The final layout contains 23 conventional, non-rotated cells (three inputs, two outputs and eighteen ordinary cells) in a single layer without wire crossings; five cells are assigned to Clock 0, nine to Clock 1 and nine to Clock 2. The circuit was simulated in QCADesigner 2.0.3 with the bistable engine (12,800 samples, convergence tolerance 0.001, radius of effect 65 nm, relative permittivity 12.9, clock high 9.8 × 10⁻²² J, clock low 3.8 × 10⁻²³ J, clock amplitude factor 2, 100 iterations per sample, 18 nm cells with 5 nm dots on a 20 nm pitch). Area was measured as the bounding rectangle of all cells, and latency was obtained from the number of clock zones between the inputs and the outputs. The carry path was further verified with the potential-energy method of Farazkish and co-workers, in which the Coulomb energy between electrons is summed for both polarization states of a cell and the lower-energy state is taken as the stable one. Results and discussion The layout occupies 174 nm × 151 nm, i.e., 26,274 nm² ≈ 0.026 µm² (displayed by QCADesigner as 0.03 µm²). Since the inputs are in Clock 0 and both outputs in Clock 2, the latency is 0.5 clock cycle and the area–delay product is about 0.013 µm²·cycle. The waveforms confirm all eight rows of the full-adder truth table, with polarization magnitudes of about ±0.888 for SUM and ±0.881 for carry. The energy analysis shows that for A = 1, B = 1 and Cin = 0 the carry cell has a total potential energy of 22.09 × 10⁻²⁰ J in the logic-1 state and 31.80 × 10⁻²⁰ J in the logic-0 state, so logic 1 is stable; the same analysis yields the correct majority output for all eight input combinations. Compared with the 2026 planar design of Bhuvaneswari and Yuvaraj (36 cells, 0.04 µm², 0.75 cycle), the proposed adder uses 36.1% fewer cells, about 35% less area and a lower latency. Relative to the single-layer design of Abdullah-Al-Shafi (46 cells, 0.04 µm², 0.25 cycle), it halves the cell count and reduces the area by about 35%, but it is slower. The three-layer design of Seyedi and co-workers (21 cells, 0.02 µm², 0.5 cycle) and the 14-cell adder/subtractor of Majeed are more compact, although the former relies on a multilayer structure. The main advantages of the present design are thus its single-layer, crossover-free implementation with conventional cells, its strong output polarization and the direct reuse of a validated XOR3 gate, whereas its main limitations are the absence of energy-dissipation and fault-tolerance analyses. Conclusion A compact single-layer QCA full adder has been developed as a circuit-level continuation of the authors’ earlier three-input XOR research. The design uses 23 conventional cells, occupies 0.026 µm², has a latency of 0.5 clock cycle and produces strongly polarized outputs; its correct operation was confirmed both by simulation and by a physical energy analysis of the carry path. The circuit can serve as a building block for low-power, compact processing units in resilient critical-infrastructure systems. Future work should quantify energy dissipation with QCADesigner-E or QCAPro, study robustness against cell omission, displacement and temperature variation, and extend the design to multi-bit ripple-carry adders. Keywords: Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), Full adder, Three-input XOR, Majority gate, Single-layer design, Critical infrastructure. Funding This research received no specific funding. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Critical infrastructures such as power distribution, water networks, transportation control and emergency communications rely on embedded processors for monitoring and control, and these processors must remain functional when energy is scarce or supplied by backup sources. Hardware with very low power dissipation, small area and simple fabrication therefore supports infrastructure resilience. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a transistor-less nanocomputing paradigm in which binary information is represented by cell polarization and propagated through Coulombic interaction without current flow, which makes it a promising candidate for such processors. The one-bit full adder is a key arithmetic block, because its area, delay and reliability directly influence ripple-carry adders, arithmetic logic units and other datapath structures. However, many compact QCA full adders achieve low cell counts only through multilayer crossings or rotated cells, which complicates fabrication. In our previous study, an optimized 12-cell three-input XOR (XOR3) gate based on half-distance placement and explicit cell interaction was proposed and verified by simulation and by a physical proof. The present study examines whether this gate can be turned, without structural change, into a complete single-layer, crossover-free full adder that remains competitive with recent designs. Its new contributions are the full-adder architecture and layout, the simulation results, the physical proof of the carry path and a systematic comparison with 2025–2026 designs. Methodology The logical architecture follows SUM = A ⊕ B ⊕ Cin and Cout = M(A, B, Cin). The XOR3 block of the earlier work is retained unchanged for SUM, while a three-input majority gate produces the carry. Inputs A and B reach the majority gate through two consecutive two-cell interconnections, a half-cell-shifted pair and a diagonal pair, each of which inverts the signal, so that both inputs arrive in their true form. The final layout contains 23 conventional, non-rotated cells (three inputs, two outputs and eighteen ordinary cells) in a single layer without wire crossings; five cells are assigned to Clock 0, nine to Clock 1 and nine to Clock 2. The circuit was simulated in QCADesigner 2.0.3 with the bistable engine (12,800 samples, convergence tolerance 0.001, radius of effect 65 nm, relative permittivity 12.9, clock high 9.8 × 10⁻²² J, clock low 3.8 × 10⁻²³ J, clock amplitude factor 2, 100 iterations per sample, 18 nm cells with 5 nm dots on a 20 nm pitch). Area was measured as the bounding rectangle of all cells, and latency was obtained from the number of clock zones between the inputs and the outputs. The carry path was further verified with the potential-energy method of Farazkish and co-workers, in which the Coulomb energy between electrons is summed for both polarization states of a cell and the lower-energy state is taken as the stable one. Results and discussion The layout occupies 174 nm × 151 nm, i.e., 26,274 nm² ≈ 0.026 µm² (displayed by QCADesigner as 0.03 µm²). Since the inputs are in Clock 0 and both outputs in Clock 2, the latency is 0.5 clock cycle and the area–delay product is about 0.013 µm²·cycle. The waveforms confirm all eight rows of the full-adder truth table, with polarization magnitudes of about ±0.888 for SUM and ±0.881 for carry. The energy analysis shows that for A = 1, B = 1 and Cin = 0 the carry cell has a total potential energy of 22.09 × 10⁻²⁰ J in the logic-1 state and 31.80 × 10⁻²⁰ J in the logic-0 state, so logic 1 is stable; the same analysis yields the correct majority output for all eight input combinations. Compared with the 2026 planar design of Bhuvaneswari and Yuvaraj (36 cells, 0.04 µm², 0.75 cycle), the proposed adder uses 36.1% fewer cells, about 35% less area and a lower latency. Relative to the single-layer design of Abdullah-Al-Shafi (46 cells, 0.04 µm², 0.25 cycle), it halves the cell count and reduces the area by about 35%, but it is slower. The three-layer design of Seyedi and co-workers (21 cells, 0.02 µm², 0.5 cycle) and the 14-cell adder/subtractor of Majeed are more compact, although the former relies on a multilayer structure. The main advantages of the present design are thus its single-layer, crossover-free implementation with conventional cells, its strong output polarization and the direct reuse of a validated XOR3 gate, whereas its main limitations are the absence of energy-dissipation and fault-tolerance analyses. Conclusion A compact single-layer QCA full adder has been developed as a circuit-level continuation of the authors’ earlier three-input XOR research. The design uses 23 conventional cells, occupies 0.026 µm², has a latency of 0.5 clock cycle and produces strongly polarized outputs; its correct operation was confirmed both by simulation and by a physical energy analysis of the carry path. The circuit can serve as a building block for low-power, compact processing units in resilient critical-infrastructure systems. Future work should quantify energy dissipation with QCADesigner-E or QCAPro, study robustness against cell omission, displacement and temperature variation, and extend the design to multi-bit ripple-carry adders. Keywords: Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), Full adder, Three-input XOR, Majority gate, Single-layer design, Critical infrastructure. Funding This research received no specific funding. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_741717_1c7f3ff3b0854f238fa4b65779ec99e3.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Analysis of the physical-spatial structure of the city and its neighborhoods from the perspective of cultural security Case study: Shahrood city Analysis of the physical-spatial structure of the city and its neighborhoods from the perspective of cultural security Case study: Shahrood city 291 324 732977 10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2074589.1220 FA Islam Karami department of architectural and Urbanism, Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Urbanism, Shahrood University of Technology (SUT), Shahrood. Iran Fatemeh Shahhosseini Master of Science in Mathematical Statistics Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0004-6637-3472 Journal Article 2025 10 15 Introduction No society will achieve sustainable political and social security without intellectual and cultural security. The issue of the present research is the role of the physical-spatial structure of the city in the perception of cultural security by citizens. The research aims to achieve physical-spatial components effective in promoting cultural security. Shahroud city in Semnan province, as one of the medium-sized cities with favorable climatic conditions in the geographical area of central Iran, is located at the center of urban development, and the need to formulate physical-spatial rules and regulations in such cities where culture and cultural security can, like Shirazeh, heal the contemporary social life of cities is essential. Cultural security means preserving the specific identity of the society. That is, the reference of cultural security is identity, which means protecting the fundamental secrets of the survival and advancement of culture. Any event or process that has a destructive effect on traditional and sustainable patterns of language, culture, identity, and religious customs is an identity and cultural threat. The present research has investigated the definitions of cultural security and through the application of descriptive-analytical methods, has identified the components of cultural security. Despite numerous articles on cultural security, a review of the research background shows the importance of the research hypothesis and its scientific gap in the theoretical literature of architecture and urban planning. Data and Method The components of cultural security can be examined in 5 areas: • Attention to the principles of belief: Includes worship and worship and all activities carried out in order to perform religious duties. • Lifestyle: Includes a way of life based on dos and don’ts and derived from the rules and laws of life that arise from the requirements of reason, Islamic law, and custom. • Social traditions and rituals: Includes ceremonies, rituals, methods, and processes that express the way of activity and behavior in a specific area or a specific subject based on collective wisdom. • Historical achievements and civilization-building: Includes all accumulations and experiences that rely on the principle of completion and evolution achieved over time and are based on the internal development of a product and its perfection over time. • Positive influence from other cultures: Includes experiences that are consistent with the native culture that have emerged during cultural interactions. To conduct field studies, a research package questionnaire was prepared based on the explained indicators for the five components and made available to citizens online. The statistical sample of the present study is the citizens of Shahroud city, which, through the calculation of the Cochran formula, the statistical sample size is 384 people. The sampling method was carried out by random and irregular sampling method and by sending links to friends and acquaintances in different neighbourhood’s of the city. An attempt was made to distribute the questionnaire link in such a way that people from different neighbourhood’s had the chance to participate in the evaluation. Therefore, people were asked to make sure to provide the link to their friends from different neighbourhood’s. The questionnaire was made with a Likert spectrum and a 5-option scale, which is part of the questions related to the demographic information of the respondents. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by examining 25 relevant and concerned experts on the subject. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined through Cronbach's Alpha. The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.86, which indicates that the set of items (from all components) are generally consistent and homogeneous and can well measure the overall construct of security. Results and Discussion According to the findings, cultural security in the case sample is at an average level. Of the 5 components of "belief principles", "historical achievements and civilization-building", "traditions and rituals", "positive influence from other cultures" and "lifestyle", the highest average score is related to "belief principles" and, conversely, the lowest average is related to "lifestyle". In examining the correlation between the components, there are positive and relatively strong relationships between the components. The standardized regression coefficients showed that the strongest relationship is between cultural security and positive influence from other cultures, and the weakest relationship is related to cultural security and belief principles. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the city's strong capacity to explain cultural security and create a platform for realizing a desirable and ideal culture. Given the necessity of paying attention to culture and identity in contemporary Iranian urban planning, it is essential to pay more attention to the indicators of realizing cultural security in new urban developments. In light of the studies conducted, strategies for directing social activities in parks and public spaces, planning flexible spaces within neighbourhood’s, developing the concept of neighbourhood and neighbourhood-centricity, trying to socialize cities while paying attention to the social nature of neighbourhood’s in local culture, reviving traditional arts, promoting the role of public building courtyards as urban spaces, creating a platform for presence, respecting the elderly and disabled, and creating active social opportunities, paying attention to the social and cultural role of mosques and religious buildings in addition to their worship function, utilizing urban arts, and paying attention to the human dignity of space will be useful in strengthening cultural security in cities. Introduction No society will achieve sustainable political and social security without intellectual and cultural security. The issue of the present research is the role of the physical-spatial structure of the city in the perception of cultural security by citizens. The research aims to achieve physical-spatial components effective in promoting cultural security. Shahroud city in Semnan province, as one of the medium-sized cities with favorable climatic conditions in the geographical area of central Iran, is located at the center of urban development, and the need to formulate physical-spatial rules and regulations in such cities where culture and cultural security can, like Shirazeh, heal the contemporary social life of cities is essential. Cultural security means preserving the specific identity of the society. That is, the reference of cultural security is identity, which means protecting the fundamental secrets of the survival and advancement of culture. Any event or process that has a destructive effect on traditional and sustainable patterns of language, culture, identity, and religious customs is an identity and cultural threat. The present research has investigated the definitions of cultural security and through the application of descriptive-analytical methods, has identified the components of cultural security. Despite numerous articles on cultural security, a review of the research background shows the importance of the research hypothesis and its scientific gap in the theoretical literature of architecture and urban planning. Data and Method The components of cultural security can be examined in 5 areas: • Attention to the principles of belief: Includes worship and worship and all activities carried out in order to perform religious duties. • Lifestyle: Includes a way of life based on dos and don’ts and derived from the rules and laws of life that arise from the requirements of reason, Islamic law, and custom. • Social traditions and rituals: Includes ceremonies, rituals, methods, and processes that express the way of activity and behavior in a specific area or a specific subject based on collective wisdom. • Historical achievements and civilization-building: Includes all accumulations and experiences that rely on the principle of completion and evolution achieved over time and are based on the internal development of a product and its perfection over time. • Positive influence from other cultures: Includes experiences that are consistent with the native culture that have emerged during cultural interactions. To conduct field studies, a research package questionnaire was prepared based on the explained indicators for the five components and made available to citizens online. The statistical sample of the present study is the citizens of Shahroud city, which, through the calculation of the Cochran formula, the statistical sample size is 384 people. The sampling method was carried out by random and irregular sampling method and by sending links to friends and acquaintances in different neighbourhood’s of the city. An attempt was made to distribute the questionnaire link in such a way that people from different neighbourhood’s had the chance to participate in the evaluation. Therefore, people were asked to make sure to provide the link to their friends from different neighbourhood’s. The questionnaire was made with a Likert spectrum and a 5-option scale, which is part of the questions related to the demographic information of the respondents. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by examining 25 relevant and concerned experts on the subject. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined through Cronbach's Alpha. The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.86, which indicates that the set of items (from all components) are generally consistent and homogeneous and can well measure the overall construct of security. Results and Discussion According to the findings, cultural security in the case sample is at an average level. Of the 5 components of "belief principles", "historical achievements and civilization-building", "traditions and rituals", "positive influence from other cultures" and "lifestyle", the highest average score is related to "belief principles" and, conversely, the lowest average is related to "lifestyle". In examining the correlation between the components, there are positive and relatively strong relationships between the components. The standardized regression coefficients showed that the strongest relationship is between cultural security and positive influence from other cultures, and the weakest relationship is related to cultural security and belief principles. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the city's strong capacity to explain cultural security and create a platform for realizing a desirable and ideal culture. Given the necessity of paying attention to culture and identity in contemporary Iranian urban planning, it is essential to pay more attention to the indicators of realizing cultural security in new urban developments. In light of the studies conducted, strategies for directing social activities in parks and public spaces, planning flexible spaces within neighbourhood’s, developing the concept of neighbourhood and neighbourhood-centricity, trying to socialize cities while paying attention to the social nature of neighbourhood’s in local culture, reviving traditional arts, promoting the role of public building courtyards as urban spaces, creating a platform for presence, respecting the elderly and disabled, and creating active social opportunities, paying attention to the social and cultural role of mosques and religious buildings in addition to their worship function, utilizing urban arts, and paying attention to the human dignity of space will be useful in strengthening cultural security in cities.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732977_fe2ce48bda0ee8f74de08da1140987dc.pdf

Iran Passive Defense Scientific Association Safe City 2676-556X 9 2 2026 06 22 Scenario-Based Evaluation of Foresight Methods for Smart Seismic Systems Using an Integrated SWARA–VIKOR Model under Fuzzy-Grey Uncertainty Scenario-Based Evaluation of Foresight Methods for Smart Seismic Systems Using an Integrated SWARA–VIKOR Model under Fuzzy-Grey Uncertainty 325 352 741863 10.22034/scj.2026.2096608.1267 FA Shahin Lale Arefi Department of Civil Engineering, Esfarayen University of Technology, Esfarayen, Iran Mahdi Bitarafan International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2814-8704 Journal Article 2026 04 02 The rapid development of smart seismic systems has made future-oriented decision-making increasingly complex, particularly when technological uncertainty, implementation constraints, and resilience requirements must be considered simultaneously. This study develops a scenario-based framework for evaluating four foresight methods; actor analysis, brainstorming, bibliometric analysis, and patent analysis for supporting strategic decisions on smart seismic systems. The assessment was based on the judgments of 12 experts and eight criteria grouped into two categories: process-related criteria and resilience-oriented criteria. Criterion weights were derived using the Fuzzy-Grey SWARA method, while the alternatives were ranked through Fuzzy-Grey VIKOR under three decision scenarios: baseline, supportive, and resource-constrained. The robustness of the results was further examined using sensitivity analysis and 100,000-iteration Monte Carlo simulations. The findings show that adaptability, robustness, and rapidity are the most influential criteria, with resilience-related criteria accounting for 63% of the total model weight. Bibliometric analysis ranked first in all three scenarios, followed by patent analysis. Monte Carlo results indicated that bibliometric analysis retained the first rank with a probability above 99.8% in every scenario, whereas the probability of satisfying VIKOR’s acceptable-advantage condition was 46.7% in the baseline scenario, 77.5% in the supportive scenario, and only 12.1% under resource constraints. These results show that rank stability should not be interpreted as decisive superiority. A robust foresight decision should therefore consider not only the final ranking, but also the strength of separation between leading alternatives and the stability of that separation under uncertainty. The rapid development of smart seismic systems has made future-oriented decision-making increasingly complex, particularly when technological uncertainty, implementation constraints, and resilience requirements must be considered simultaneously. This study develops a scenario-based framework for evaluating four foresight methods; actor analysis, brainstorming, bibliometric analysis, and patent analysis for supporting strategic decisions on smart seismic systems. The assessment was based on the judgments of 12 experts and eight criteria grouped into two categories: process-related criteria and resilience-oriented criteria. Criterion weights were derived using the Fuzzy-Grey SWARA method, while the alternatives were ranked through Fuzzy-Grey VIKOR under three decision scenarios: baseline, supportive, and resource-constrained. The robustness of the results was further examined using sensitivity analysis and 100,000-iteration Monte Carlo simulations. The findings show that adaptability, robustness, and rapidity are the most influential criteria, with resilience-related criteria accounting for 63% of the total model weight. Bibliometric analysis ranked first in all three scenarios, followed by patent analysis. Monte Carlo results indicated that bibliometric analysis retained the first rank with a probability above 99.8% in every scenario, whereas the probability of satisfying VIKOR’s acceptable-advantage condition was 46.7% in the baseline scenario, 77.5% in the supportive scenario, and only 12.1% under resource constraints. These results show that rank stability should not be interpreted as decisive superiority. A robust foresight decision should therefore consider not only the final ranking, but also the strength of separation between leading alternatives and the stability of that separation under uncertainty.

https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_741863_59e3eda37b576a57d6c976fb8dbc57d1.pdf