https://www.ispdrc.ir/ Safe City en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721099.html Extended AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have shown that land use planning plays a crucial role in the social and economic development of developing countries. The city of Noor, located in the south of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province, faces challenges such as inappropriate land use and uneven distribution of facilities due to population growth. River management in this city involves a set of corrective, protective, and control measures used to control and mitigate floods in flood-prone rivers. These measures aim to reduce the destructive effects of floods, prevent water level rise during floods, and protect riverbank lands and residential areas from flood encroachment. Additionally, these measures include modifying the course of seasonal floods, improving river conditions, shaping water flow, protecting and stabilizing riverbeds and banks from erosion, and enhancing river conditions. The rivers in Noor have high potential for beautification and improving urban scenery, but due to the lack of tourism infrastructure, incompatible land uses, and improper water resource management, these areas receive less attention. The absence of pedestrian paths, parks, and recreational facilities along rivers means these areas miss out on attracting tourists. Incompatible uses such as polluting industries and unauthorized constructions not only affect water quality but also impact natural beauty. This research seeks to provide solutions for organizing riverbank land uses and developing sustainable tourism in Noor, aiming to introduce the city as a tourist destination with a sustainable development approach and improve living conditions for residents.MethodologyThe research method used in this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and field research. The statistical population consisted of two groups: citizens and experts. For citizens, 379 questionnaires were distributed, and for experts, 30 questionnaires were distributed. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, one-sample t-test, and Friedman test, were conducted using SPSS software. Additionally, GIS software was used for map analysis. Finally, the meta-synthesis technique was employed to review the current situation and provide solutions.Results and discussionTo evaluate the status of criteria for organizing land uses around the rivers in Noor, seven criteria were used: recreational and welfare facilities, physical infrastructure, economic aspects, environmental issues, institutional and legal support, security and protection, and public participation. The mean values of these criteria were 2.615, 3.106, 2.778, 2.854, 2.764, 3.088, and 2.450, respectively, indicating that physical infrastructure and security are in better conditions. For sustainable tourism development, four criteria were examined: physical, environmental, social, and economic, with mean values of 3.042, 2.862, 2.936, and 3.090, respectively. Economic and physical criteria were found to be in better conditions. The t-test results showed that recreational facilities, economic aspects, environmental issues, institutional support, and public participation have deficiencies and do not effectively influence land use organization. In contrast, physical infrastructure and security have suitable capabilities and positive impacts. Furthermore, the correlation between land use organization criteria was analyzed using the Pearson test, revealing strong positive correlations among these variables. Prioritization of criteria indicated that physical infrastructure ranks first, while for sustainable tourism development, the economic criterion is prioritized.ConclusionAnalyzing the organization of riverbank land uses for sustainable tourism development can lead to diverse outcomes. Organizing public and green spaces along rivers increases tourist attraction by offering beautiful natural scenery and recreational facilities, drawing tourists and enhancing their experience. These spaces, with proper design, not only improve tourist satisfaction but also play a crucial role in shaping the city's identity. Environmental protection is another benefit, as it helps prevent habitat destruction, reduce pollution, and conserve water resources, contributing to sustainable development. These efforts not only preserve the rich and beautiful environment of rivers but also serve as a natural asset for future generations. Attracting tourists and increasing tourism activities create new economic opportunities for local residents and businesses, improving living conditions. This economic development can lead to job creation in various tourism sectors, such as hospitality, restaurants, and tourism services, contributing to the city's economic and social growth. Ultimately, organizing riverbank land uses can strengthen the city's spatial identity, increase its recognition among tourists and residents, and transform it into a unique destination. This identity-building not only helps the city stand out among others but also acts as a significant factor in attracting investment and promoting sustainable development. Evaluating the sustainability of riverbanks is a crucial process for maintaining environmental health and natural resources. This process involves examining various factors such as climate change, human activities, shoreline erosion, and the impacts of pollution and waste on riverbanks. To assess sustainability, different factors are identified, and their effects on riverbanks are analyzed. Then, appropriate strategies are determined to maintain and improve riverbank sustainability. This includes using modern technologies to control erosion, protect biodiversity, manage water resources, and control environmental pollution. Operational plans for implementing these strategies should be developed by local and government authorities to continuously maintain riverbank sustainability and prevent damage from human activities. Organizing and locating land uses along riverbanks is a critical and sensitive issue that requires precise and coordinated planning. This process involves designating different areas such as protected zones, recreational areas, industrial and commercial zones. Permitted and prohibited uses in each area must be specified, and public participation in decision-making should be considered. Preserving biodiversity and providing public services are also essential principles in this process. The connection between organizing land uses along riverbanks and sustainable tourism development is very important and can contribute to preserving natural resources, enhancing tourist experiences, promoting local economic development, and preserving local culture and heritage. Organizing land uses along riverbanks helps maintain and care for the natural resources of the area, which improves sustainable tourism and benefits from these resources. By organizing land uses along riverbanks, better facilities and services are provided for tourists, increasing their experience and satisfaction and attracting more visitors. This strengthens local economies and enables sustainable development in the region. Additionally, organizing land uses along riverbanks preserves the cultural and historical context of the area, showcasing it to tourists and increasing awareness and respect for local culture and heritage. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721144.html Extended abstractBackground and purpose: Cities are like living and ever-changing organisms, they have a complex geometry, and the urban society is faced with newer and more complex issues day by day. Traditional urban design processes lack the necessary flexibility to deal with urban complexities. Therefore, to produce designs with high flexibility and responsiveness, design methods are needed that can produce different solutions and make the designer aware of the consequences of decisions at each stage and create a cycle of feedback. In this case, design will be a system of solutions for a problem.Recent developments in urban societies such as epidemics, wars, economic disturbances, lack of access and shortage of sustainable and renewable resources and many other factors are the challenges that cities always face. In this regard, urban planners and designers can take effective steps to achieve sustainable cities by benefiting from past experiences and new tools. In this regard, it is important to use the artificial neural network algorithm in the simulation of sustainable urban design parameters, as one of the most widely used artificial intelligence algorithms, due to its ability to calculate quickly and with high accuracy based on the observations of software simulation. This issue becomes important in problems where parametric simulation is possible, but the calculation time is very long, and the calculated function of the artificial neural network can perform the desired calculations with high accuracy and in a short time.Investigation method: The present research is a developmental research in the context of quantitative-qualitative analysis, because by using the theoretical foundations of the subject, it studies the improvement of the quality of the environment in the formulation of the parametric urban design model and finds the optimal solutions in the context of intelligence. provides artificial In this applied-developmental research, using sustainable development indicators collected from various sources in cultural-social, institutional-management, environmental, economic and physical dimensions and using new tools of artificial intelligence, the field of urban design model compilation Parametric stability is provided.In this way, the indicators of the sustainable city have been calculated by systematic analysis method. Then, the aforementioned indicators have been parametrically evaluated in the category of qualities expected from all types of urban spaces by content analysis method. In this regard, in order to measure each of the variables, a number of items and questions have been compiled, and the total of additional items and questions form the structure of the studies in the context of the interview, based on which the urban design variables have been parametric.The way to answer the questions and issues has been to refer to the experts in the field of urban design, and in the next step, artificial intelligence, through learning from past experiences and mathematical calculations, will model urban spaces on the basis of the artificial neural network (ANN) structure as described; Pattern classification, clustering, function estimation, prediction, optimization, associative memory and control in management have been discussed.Findings: The results obtained from the definition and explanation of the proposed algorithm show that in this way artificial intelligence accelerates the way to reach the goals by appropriate action and compatible with the complexities of the environment and through learning from past experiences and mathematical calculations. , even in the lack of knowledge and insufficient information resources, it has the ability to maximize the success of solving problems, which is one of the most important goals of research.In this regard, first, the training data set is prepared through rule-based processes, and then, using the data-driven process, three artificial neural networks are trained and three separate fitting functions are approximated for them. These functions are set based on three different structures of artificial neural networks. At the end, by comparing the error rate of each model, the predicted values are also examined and the influence of the neural network structure in the obtained answers is analyzed.Discussion and conclusion: based on the results of the research, the model presented in this research can be generalized to other similar problems of predicting the parameters of sustainable urban design, and there are two basic applications for these models. First, it creates the possibility of accurate calculation without the need for heavy calculations, and secondly, in complex simulations, by having independent and dependent parameters and without the need to study the governing rules, it has the ability to estimate the function. can predict the desired stability parameter with high accuracy.Keywords: artificial intelligence, urban design, parametric urban design, urban context. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721251.html Introduction Cybersecurity, as one of the most important issues in today's digital world, refers to a set of measures, technologies, and processes that aim to protect information systems, networks, and data from cyber threats and unauthorized access. Given the rapid growth of information and communication technologies and the increase in cyber threats, cybersecurity has become one of the major challenges in various countries, especially Iran and Iraq. This study examines the challenges of ensuring cybersecurity in the legal systems of these two countries, and its findings have shown the existing shortcomings and issues.   Methodology The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical. In this study, special attention has been paid to the formulation and effectiveness of existing laws, regulatory structure, and public education. Accurate recognition of the challenges and weaknesses of this area can help clarify the legal and executive needs to improve the current situation.   Results and discussion According to the results of this study, the first major challenge was the lack of a comprehensive and effective legal framework to combat cyber threats. Although a computer crime law was passed in Iran, this law failed to cover all new threats such as advanced cyber attacks. On the other hand, Iraq was unable to formulate appropriate laws in this field due to political and economic crises, which has jeopardized cybersecurity in this country. The second challenge was the lack of internal coordination and cooperation among government and private institutions. In Iran, the multiplicity of relevant institutions and their overlapping duties have caused delays in responding to cyber threats. In Iraq, structural weaknesses and lack of resources have prevented effective cooperation and led to further problems in cybersecurity. In addition, the findings showed that external cyber threats exist as a serious challenge in both countries. Iran faces cyber attacks from malicious groups and international competitors, and Iraq is under constant threats due to the presence of terrorist groups. Other key challenges include weak technical infrastructure and a lack of skilled cybersecurity personnel. Both countries need specialized training in this area to increase their capabilities against cyber threats. Conclusion The present study showed that cybersecurity challenges in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq significantly affect the performance and response of these countries to cyber threats. Legal shortcomings, lack of coordination between different institutions, and lack of resources and technical infrastructure have always been serious obstacles in this direction. According to the findings, it seems that fundamental reforms in legal frameworks and strengthening international and regional cooperation are necessary to effectively confront cyber threats. At the same time, implementing specialized training programs and investing in cybersecurity infrastructure are of particular importance as key strategies to increase capabilities and improve responsiveness to cyber attacks. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to create an integrated and coordinated approach to strengthen cybersecurity in both countries, so that effective and constructive measures can be taken against persistent and growing global threats. Overall, paying attention to national and international needs in the field of cybersecurity can help maintain the integrity of data and critical infrastructure in Iran and Iraq. Keywords: Cyber ​​Threats, Cyber Crimes, Ensuring Cybersecurity, Iranian law, Iraqi law. Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721627.html IntroductionUrban development is a necessary process, but it is essential to implement policies that include revitalizing historical contexts. Contemporary urban strategies emphasize development-driven initiatives to enhance transformation in these areas, focusing on physical-environmental and socio-economic revitalization. Isfahan, like many other cities, must address the revitalization of its historical context, an issue that has garnered significant attention from specialists and experts. Authorities have initiated several projects in the city's historical neighborhoods.This research evaluates three design projects in Isfahan’s historical district of Baba Qasem: the "Urban Space Expansion Plan of Agha Noor Mosque," "Saheh Shahshahan," and "Saheh Amin." The study employs the concepts of "infill development" to respect the existing context and "development-driven initiatives" for revitalization.The research team defines the key concepts of "infill development" and "development-driven initiatives," providing both theoretical and conceptual frameworks. The study then assesses the integration of these concepts into the selected plans, focusing on physical aspects and the extent to which the designers have considered relevant indicators.MethodologyThis applied research utilizes a mixed-method approach for data collection.In quantitative part, a 19-question questionnaire was developed for each of the three projects, focusing on the "physical dimension of development-driven infill design." The sample was drawn from universities with restoration programs, as listed in the 2024 graduate admission guide, including Shahid Beheshti, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tabriz Art University, Isfahan Art University, Tehran Art University, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Tehran University, and Kerman Bahonar University. Faculty emails were collected, yielding a list of 32 active restoration professors. Using Cochran's formula with a 0.05 confidence level, a sample size of 30 was determined. A Likert scale questionnaire was used, with responses ranging from "very low" to "very high," scored from 1 to 5. Of the 32 faculty members, 29 completed the questionnaire. Content validity was established by having the questions reviewed by 10 academic experts, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which showed acceptable internal consistency with values exceeding 0.7 for all variables.In qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional designers to deepen and complement the quantitative findings.Results and discussionThe study assesses the adherence of approved projects in the Baba Qasem historical area to the physical indicators of development-driven infill design using a one-sample t-test. The questionnaire, rated on a 5-point Likert scale, was compared to a midpoint score of 3. Descriptive statistics indicate whether the mean scores are above or below 3, but inferential statistics are needed for confirmation. At a 95% confidence level, t-test results show that attention to form, materials and details, scale, natural elements, skyline, and building façades in the approved projects is satisfactory.To compare the means of the three projects—Saheh Shahshahan, Agha Noor Mosque Urban Space Development, and Saheh Amin—the one-way ANOVA test was employed. This test divides variance into between-group and within-group categories. A p-value greater than 0.05 indicates no significant differences between group means, while p-values less than 0.05 signal significant differences, necessitating post-hoc tests.ANOVA results reveal no significant differences in form, materials and details, scale, and building façades across the three projects, as p-values exceed 0.05. However, significant differences were found in natural elements and skyline, with post-hoc tests showing notable variations between Saheh Shahshahan and the other projects. Tukey's test results indicate significant differences in mean scores for natural elements and skyline between Saheh Shahshahan and Saheh Amin, as well as between Saheh Shahshahan and the Agha Noor Mosque project.In this study, semi-structured interviews with 10 experienced designers were conducted to complement the quantitative analysis. These designers, with extensive experience in infill design within historical contexts, discussed the challenges, opportunities, and strengths of development projects in the historical fabric of Baba Qasem, Isfahan. The interviews revealed key insights, including the need for better integration with the historical context, attention to human scale and residents' needs, addressing challenges related to skyline and building height, the importance of green spaces, and increasing local community participation in the design process.ConclusionThe results of this study, based on quantitative and qualitative analyses, highlight the increasing importance of infill projects in preserving and revitalizing historical urban contexts as Isfahan grows. In the historical Baba Qasem district, three infill development projects have been approved and are being implemented. These projects serve as models provided by relevant authorities, offering valuable insights into physical design criteria for similar initiatives in historical contexts. The quantitative analysis indicates that the physical criteria of these projects have been satisfactorily met, with no significant differences among them. The consistency in design elements such as form, materials, scale, and façade lines suggests these features can guide future projects in the historical Baba Qasem context.On the other hand, qualitative analysis, based on interviews with professional designers, revealed some challenges, including a lack of green spaces and insufficient harmony with the skyline in certain projects. Additionally, the limited involvement of local residents in the early design stages was noted as a major drawback, potentially affecting the acceptance and success of the projects. Based on these findings, several recommendations are made: greater emphasis on green spaces and nature, better skyline integration, increased local resident participation, the development of design guidelines tailored to historical contexts, and regular post-implementation evaluations to gather feedback for ongoing improvement. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_721961.html The opportunity to commit a crime in the present era is one of the most important factors for committing a crime, which facilitates the occurrence of a crime in a critical situation, one of the critical conditions that occurs in most countries in the current era, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and facilitates some crimes. There is a flood that occurred in April 2018 due to weather changes and heavy rains, many parts of the country were flooded. showed that the lack of safety of the urban and rural physical space under these conditions doubles the occurrence of delinquency; therefore, in this research, the author in this research, using the descriptive-analytical and questionnaire method, and using the CPTED model, secures the urban and rural physical space against delinquency during floods. With a case study, the flood of 2018 in Khuzestan has been discussed and investigated, and the results of the research indicate that: the way of construction of dilapidated structures, lack of presence of officials, physical disorder, lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.The opportunity to commit a crime in the present era is one of the most important factors for committing a crime, which facilitates the occurrence of a crime in a critical situation, one of the critical conditions that occurs in most countries in the current era, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and facilitates some crimes. There is a flood that occurred in April 2018 due to weather changes and heavy rains, many parts of the country were flooded. showed that the lack of safety of the urban and rural physical space under these conditions doubles the occurrence of delinquency; therefore, in this research, the author in this research, using the descriptive-analytical and questionnaire method, and using the CPTED model, secures the urban and rural physical space against delinquency during floods. With a case study, the flood of 2018 in Khuzestan has been discussed and investigated, and the results of the research indicate that: the way of construction of dilapidated structures, lack of presence of officials, physical disorder, lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be eliminated by using the CPTED model.lack of urban and rural facilities are the most important factors affecting the occurrence of delinquency during floods. 2018 is Khuzestan province, which can be https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_722729.html This research explores the design of self-sustaining military hospitals with a focus on passive defense principles, specifically in the context of Mazandaran Province, Iran. The unique geographical location of Mazandaran, combined with its susceptibility to various natural disasters and potential military threats, makes it an ideal region for studying the design of resilient, self-sustaining medical infrastructures. Military hospitals play a crucial role in maintaining the health and safety of the population during periods of crisis, and therefore, their design must ensure continued functionality even under extreme conditions. This study aims to investigate how self-sustaining features, combined with passive defense strategies, can be effectively integrated into the architectural design of military hospitals, ensuring that they remain operational in the face of natural and man-made threats, including warfare, earthquakes, and other disasters.The research objectives are threefold: (1) to analyze the architectural design principles necessary for creating self-sustaining military hospitals, (2) to assess the role of passive defense in enhancing the resilience and operational continuity of these hospitals, and (3) to identify practical guidelines for implementing such designs in regions vulnerable to various forms of disruption. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilizing both document analysis and field studies. Data were collected through a comprehensive review of existing literature, analysis of architectural blueprints from similar hospitals, and interviews with experts in the fields of military architecture, disaster management, and passive defense.The findings suggest that incorporating self-sustaining features such as renewable energy systems, water storage, and the use of sustainable materials significantly improves the hospital's ability to remain functional during prolonged disruptions. The integration of passive defense principles—designed to reduce vulnerability to attacks, natural disasters, and other threats—also plays a pivotal role in ensuring the hospital’s durability and ability to function in high-risk environments. Key elements of self-sustaining design include the use of solar panels, wind energy systems, and emergency backup power sources, as well as the incorporation of rainwater harvesting systems and the use of resilient building materials that can withstand earthquakes, bomb attacks, and other potential threats.Another important finding of this research is the strategic importance of hospital location and site selection. Hospitals must be situated in areas that are not only safe from direct threats but also easily accessible during emergencies. This study emphasizes the need for location planning that takes into account both physical security (such as distance from potential attack zones) and operational efficiency (such as proximity to transportation networks, utilities, and local resources). Moreover, the research highlights the potential benefits of using local materials and resources to support the hospital's construction and daily operations. This approach not only reduces dependency on external supply chains but also strengthens the local economy and ensures that the hospital can continue functioning even if traditional supply lines are disrupted.The integration of passive defense strategies into the design of military hospitals involves a range of considerations, including structural fortifications, access control measures, and design elements that allow the hospital to continue functioning under attack or after a natural disaster. The use of blast-resistant materials, fortified walls, and other protective design elements ensures that the hospital can withstand physical threats. Additionally, careful consideration must be given to the layout and design of internal spaces to facilitate the quick and efficient treatment of patients in an emergency, while also ensuring that the hospital remains operational under challenging circumstances.Through a comparative analysis of international case studies and local examples, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of these design strategies in enhancing the resilience and sustainability of military hospitals. The research also outlines the practical challenges and limitations faced by architects and planners when designing such facilities, including budget constraints, local building codes, and the availability of materials. Despite these challenges, the research concludes that integrating self-sustaining features and passive defense principles into military hospital designs is not only feasible but essential for ensuring the hospital’s long-term viability and operational capacity in times of crisis.The findings of this research have broader implications for the design and planning of other critical infrastructure projects, particularly in regions prone to natural disasters, political instability, or military conflict. The study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how self-sustaining, resilient hospital designs can be developed and implemented in a wide range of contexts. The research also calls for the establishment of clear guidelines and standards for the integration of passive defense principles in hospital design, with a focus on enhancing both the operational continuity and safety of medical facilities in crisis situations.In conclusion, the research underscores the critical need for innovative and resilient designs for military hospitals, particularly in regions with high vulnerability to both natural and man-made threats. By focusing on self-sustaining design and passive defense, this study provides valuable insights into how military hospitals can be better prepared to continue their essential functions during times of crisis. The results of this research can serve as a model for the development of other vital infrastructures, helping to ensure their survival and functionality in the most extreme conditions. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732833.html Modern cities face rapid growth and increasing complexities that demand innovative approaches for infrastructure management and urban security. Passive defense has emerged as a critical strategy to mitigate vulnerabilities and enhance urban resilience. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) presents advanced tools and capabilities to manage urban crises and threats effectively. Urban planners play a pivotal role in this process by designing resilient infrastructures capable of leveraging IoT technologies while minimizing associated risks.The IoT connects and coordinates various devices and systems, offering unparalleled potential to improve urban functionality. Its application in passive defense can significantly bolster urban crisis management and performance. Given the dynamic nature of urban environments, urban planners must adopt IoT-driven strategies to strengthen passive defense. By integrating smart IoT-based systems, planners can enhance resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and improve urban security and sustainability. This integration encompasses the design of robust infrastructures, the implementation of monitoring systems, and the prediction of emergency scenarios, thereby advancing urban security and sustainability (Tang et al. ,2024) Moreover, as cities expand, the interconnected nature of urban infrastructure becomes more complex, increasing the potential for cascading failures during crises. Passive defense strategies supported by IoT technologies can help break these chains of vulnerability, allowing for better-prepared and adaptive urban environments. MethodologyIn terms of nature, the present research method is considered as mixed research (quantitative-qualitative) and in terms of purpose, it is considered as applied research.The present research approach is quantitative and qualitative. First, by using MAXQDA analytical software, secondary, central and selective codes were extracted to identify the factors affecting the role of urban planners in the design of smart urban systems using the Internet of Things to strengthen non-agent defense.The statistical population of the current research included specialists and experts in the field of urban planning and urban planning, including university professors, urban planning consultants, doctoral students in urban planning and urban planning, experts and municipal managers, etc.Sampling was selective and by snowball sampling method. The sample size was 40 people until scientific saturation. Document analysis is a systematic process of reviewing and evaluating documents (both printed and electronic).In this research, the descriptive level included qualitative and quantitative data descriptions. Regarding the qualitative data, the descriptions were derived from retelling and quoting the texts and final writings. In addition, the descriptive level of the analysis included the description of the main features of the data, summarizing the methodology, logic of the analysis and the results of the articles, books, plans, etc. Results and discussionThe IoT empowers urban planners to improve resilience and reduce vulnerabilities to diverse crises and threats. By providing real-time and accurate data on urban conditions, the IoT facilitates crisis prediction and management, significantly enhancing urban security and functionality (Gkontzis et al., 2024). However, the successful integration of IoT in urban systems requires addressing several critical aspects, including:1. Infrastructure Design: Smart city planning necessitates the development of robust, adaptive infrastructures that can integrate IoT technologies while withstanding environmental and human-made challenges.2. Data Management: Effective utilization of IoT relies on accurate data collection, storage, and analysis. Urban planners must ensure that data systems are secure and accessible to facilitate informed decision-making.3. Cybersecurity: As IoT devices are interconnected, they are susceptible to cyber threats. Robust cybersecurity measures are crucial to protect sensitive data and ensure the reliability of IoT systems.4. Policy and Regulation: Governments and local authorities must establish policies and regulations to guide IoT implementation in urban planning, ensuring compliance with ethical, legal, and safety standards.5. Collaboration and Training: Successful IoT integration requires collaboration among stakeholders, including urban planners, technologists, and policymakers. Training programs for urban planners are essential to build expertise in IoT-based systems.Singapore's example highlights the effectiveness of IoT in passive defense. The city's smart systems include real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automated response mechanisms, which have significantly improved urban resilience and security. Urban planners in Singapore have utilized IoT technologies to create interconnected systems that address various urban challenges, from traffic management to disaster preparedness.Additionally, Singapore's approach demonstrates the importance of integrating citizen engagement in IoT-based urban systems. By involving the public in the planning process and providing access to smart city technologies, urban resilience can be further enhanced. Such practices foster trust and cooperation between citizens and authorities, ensuring a collective effort in managing urban risks.The review of the research findings shows that by reviewing the specialized research literature, various things were identified, including adaptability, transparency, flexibility, realism, decentralized and participatory planning.(Optimization of resources and infrastructure using the Internet of Things in the field of water, energy and traffic---Predicting and managing crises with the Internet of Things in the field of earthquakes, floods and air pollution-- Improving urban security and resilience with the Internet of Things in the field of monitoring and response to threats),Realism, communication and coordination affect the realization of non-agent defense using artificial intelligence and Internet of Things with the role of urban planners. Finally, according to Yindi's rating of realism or 49., decentralized and participatory planning with 54., communication and systematization with 43. and flexibility 4. are among the most important items to strengthen non-agent defense.ConclusionThe findings indicate that IoT plays a vital role in enhancing passive defense by offering advanced tools for resource management, crisis prediction, and urban security improvement. However, successful IoT implementation requires addressing technical, economic, and social challenges. Urban planners must design smart and efficient infrastructures while considering these challenges to maximize IOT capabilities. This study demonstrates how urban planners can utilize IoT technologies to improve urban resilience and security. IoT has revolutionized crisis management and threat mitigation by providing innovative tools and systems. However, its effective application demands careful planning, technical expertise, and collaboration among stakeholders. Urban planners have a unique opportunity to create cities that are not only smarter but also safer and more resilient. By addressing cybersecurity concerns, optimizing resource management, and ensuring inclusive policies, they can leverage the transformative potential of IoT technologies. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723189.html IntroductionDespite the extraordinary advances in technology and the achievement of the impossible in the past centuries, until now, humans are not safe from unexpected hazards in any part of the earth, and they constantly receive news from all over the earth about unfortunate hazards and natural disasters, So considering the history of earthquakes in Salmas township, this township needs the attention of urban planners to have a detailed planning before the crisis in order to manage the crisis optimally and reduce the time of creating a temporary accommodation after the earthquake in the right place, In this regard, the main purpose of the current research is the spatial analysis and Locating temporary accommodation site for crisis management after the earthquake in Salmas township.MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. Data collection in this research has been done in library and field. In this research, to evaluate the level of vulnerability from two indicators of the number of earthquakes and active faults and for optimal location from 4 main criteria (natural, accessibility, functional and population) which includes distance from active faults, distance from roads and rivers, distance from fire stations, distance from access, distance from military centers, distance from healthcare centers, distance from gas transmission lines, distance from power lines, distance from residential centers, slope and elevation have been used. OPA, Spline, Line Density, Weighted Sum and Arc GIS software were used for data analysis.Data analysis in this research includes two parts, in the first part, the spatial analysis and vulnerability identification of Salmas township through the data of earthquakes occurred in Salmas township and active faults through Spline model for vulnerability interpolation and Line Density to identify the density of active faults are discussed. Finally, by overlapping through the Weighted Sum model, the vulnerable areas of Salmas township are clustered in 5 levels: very low, low, medium, high and very high. In the second part of the research, the most optimal area for temporary accommodation has been identified through the Weighted Sum model and based on the sub-criteria of the research.Results and discussionBy examining the map of active faults and earthquakes that occurred in the study area, it can be said that Salmas township has a high potential in terms of the occurrence of strong earthquakes. So this city has two active faults and according to the vulnerability results, about 32% of the land area of this Township is in the medium and high vulnerable cluster, which shows the importance of investigating the locating temporary accommodation. According to the results of locating for the construction of temporary accommodation, it has been identified in about 33% of the most suitable area of the central lands of Salmas township, which includes 829 square kilometers of the surface of this city. Also, 35% of the land has an unsuitable area for the construction of temporary accommodation, which covers about 876 square kilometers of the area of this township.ConclusionToday, with the expansion of the urban and rural population, the amount of optimal risk control and optimal crisis management also decreases exponentially, So based on the earthquakes that occurred in Salmas township and due to being located in a seismic zone, the necessity of detailed studies and correct and scientific planning is required to reduce the physical, social and human vulnerables caused by earthquakes. In this regard, according to the research results, The central part of Salmas township, due to its proximity to military centers, health-treatment centers, and also due to geographical security, has the least vulnerability during an earthquake compared to other areas. This issue will play a significant role in providing services and rescue after the earthquake and for this reason, this area is the most suitable area for planning and locating temporary accommodation after the earthquake and finally, the southwest of this township is the most unfavorable land for the construction and implementation of the temporary accommodation.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732326.html Extended AbstractBackground and SignificanceIn recent decades, the escalation of man-made threats, particularly bombings and terrorist attacks, has underscored the urgent need for designing architectural forms that comply with the principles of passive defense and civil protection. Explosions in urban areas cause not only direct structural damage but also secondary hazards such as debris projection, fire, and the collapse of non-structural components. These consequences highlight the importance of architectural decisions in mitigating vulnerabilities and enhancing urban resilience. Historically, architectural theorists, from Vitruvius to contemporary scholars such as Francis D.K. Ching, have emphasized the role of form as a fundamental determinant in the performance of buildings. In the context of blast resistance, architectural form plays a pivotal role in how shock waves interact with the building’s geometry, distribute stresses, and ultimately influence the extent of damage.Objectives of the StudyThe present research seeks to identify and evaluate the most influential indicators related to architectural form in the context of blast resistance, with the ultimate aim of providing a design framework that reduces vulnerability and supports the objectives of passive defense. Eleven key indicators were defined for this purpose:Basic building form type.Combination of architectural forms.Articulation of corners.Roof type.Compatibility between architectural and structural form.Adaptation of architectural form with the surrounding environment.Continuity and integration of architectural elements.Geometry of the external shell.Surface-to-height ratio.Irregularities in building plan.Irregularities in building façade.MethodologyThe research methodology combines expert-based evaluation and numerical simulation, thereby bridging qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the first phase, expert opinions were collected through structured questionnaires distributed among specialists in civil engineering, architecture, and crisis management. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to systematically weight and rank the indicators, enabling a structured comparison of the relative importance of architectural features.However, relying solely on expert judgment can be insufficient, since the actual behavior of buildings under blast loading is highly complex and influenced by numerous factors that may not be fully captured in subjective evaluations. Therefore, in the second phase, finite element modeling (FEM) was conducted using Abaqus software to simulate the performance of various architectural forms under blast loading conditions. The explosive material was modeled as TNT, and incident wave interactions were introduced to represent realistic blast scenarios. Material properties were defined using a Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model to capture both compressive and tensile cracking behaviors of reinforced concrete.FindingsThe AHP analysis of expert questionnaires revealed certain priorities among the identified indicators. Experts generally emphasized the aerodynamic qualities of forms, perceiving dome and conical roofs as more blast-resistant, while they considered flat roofs and box-like forms to be less efficient due to their lack of aerodynamic features. Similarly, irregularities in plan and façade were unanimously identified as significant weaknesses in reducing blast resistance.Finite element analysis, however, presented a different perspective. The simulations demonstrated that flat and compact forms actually performed better in terms of reducing maximum reaction forces at structural supports. Specifically, the flat roof building recorded the lowest force of 18,728 N, while pyramidal and gable roofs showed maximum forces of 38,128 N and 38,666 N, respectively. These findings indicate that the projected surface area exposed to the blast wave is more critical than aerodynamic shape alone. Moreover, irregular geometries resulted in concentrated stress zones, validating the expert concern regarding irregularity, yet challenging their assumption about the superiority of aerodynamic roofs.DiscussionThe comparative analysis between expert judgment and numerical modeling highlighted both alignments and divergences. While both approaches agreed on the detrimental impact of irregularities in plan and façade, their views diverged concerning roof performance. Experts, influenced by subjective notions of aerodynamics, ranked dome and conical roofs higher, whereas finite element results placed flat roofs at the top due to their reduced exposed surface area. This discrepancy underscores the importance of validating expert-based evaluations with numerical modeling, as intuitive impressions may not accurately reflect actual blast dynamics.The study further emphasizes that the interaction between form and environment plays a secondary yet meaningful role. Buildings aligned harmoniously with their surrounding topography and urban context demonstrated better integration in terms of energy distribution. Similarly, ensuring compatibility between architectural and structural forms significantly improved overall blast resistance, as incongruities between design intent and structural system created weak links under loading.Innovation of the StudyThe primary innovation of this research lies in the integration of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) with finite element modeling to provide a comprehensive evaluation of architectural form under blast loading. Unlike previous studies that focused solely on expert opinions or isolated numerical simulations, this research combines both approaches to reveal discrepancies and strengthen the reliability of findings. By systematically identifying eleven indicators and subjecting them to both qualitative and quantitative validation, the study offers a holistic framework for architectural decision-making in blast-resistant design.Applications and ImplicationsThe findings of this research provide practical insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers engaged in the design of secure urban spaces. By highlighting the limitations of relying exclusively on subjective expert evaluations, the study advocates for an evidence-based design approach where numerical modeling validates and refines expert intuition. The identified indicators can be directly incorporated into design guidelines for critical infrastructure, governmental buildings, and high-risk urban zones, thereby enhancing resilience against explosive threats. Furthermore, the study contributes to the broader discourse on passive defense, bridging architectural design with urban crisis management.ConclusionThe comparative analysis revealed that flat and compact forms, contrary to expert assumptions, exhibit superior blast resistance due to reduced exposed surface areas. At the same time, irregularities in plan and façade remain critical weaknesses that exacerbate vulnerability. The combined use of AHP and finite element modeling not only enhanced the robustness of the findings but also introduced a replicable methodology for future studies. This research thus establishes a methodological and conceptual foundation for integrating architectural form into the broader framework of blast-resistant and resilient urban design. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_722485.html In the contemporary era, urban spaces—particularly within major cities—have increasingly become arenas for the negotiation and representation of divergent identities, shaped profoundly by the forces of consumerism, commercial architecture, and pervasive advertising. This transformation is especially evident in cities undergoing rapid modernization, where globalized economic paradigms intersect with local cultural and historical narratives. The city of Ahvaz, a regional hub in southwestern Iran, serves as a compelling case study for examining these dynamics. Characterized by its diverse socio-economic fabric and evolving urban landscape, Ahvaz exemplifies the tensions between preservation of indigenous identity and the homogenizing pressures of consumerist development. This research seeks to critically analyze the interplay between consumerist architecture, urban semiotics, and the erosion or reconfiguration of urban identity, with a focused investigation into two distinct districts of Ahvaz: Kianabad, a historically working-class neighborhood, and Zeytun, a rapidly modernizing commercial zone. By interrogating the mechanisms through which consumer-driven design influences spatial authenticity and socio-cultural cohesion, the study aims to contribute actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers tasked with balancing developmental imperatives and heritage conservation.The primary objective of this study is to dissect the processes underlying the formation and evolution of urban semiotic markers—such as signage, facades, and commercial aesthetics—within consumerist architectural frameworks, and to evaluate their cumulative impact on the socio-spatial identity of Ahvaz. Central to this inquiry is the hypothesis that the commodification of urban spaces, driven by market forces and globalized consumer trends, engenders a disjuncture between traditional architectural narratives and the homogenized visual language of modernity. To test this hypothesis, a mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches to capture both the experiential and empirical dimensions of urban identity transformation. Data collection involved two phases: first, semi-structured interviews with 30 residents from each district (60 participants total), selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation across age, occupation, and length of residency; second, a randomized survey administered to 384 individuals (192 per district), utilizing Likert-scale questionnaires tailored to assess perceptions of architectural authenticity, attachment to place, and the perceived influence of consumerist elements on neighborhood character.Qualitative data from interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis using MAXQDA software, which facilitated the coding of recurring motifs such as "nostalgia for traditional aesthetics," "alienation from commercialized spaces," and "perceived cultural erasure." Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics, including T-tests to compare mean responses between districts, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate causal relationships between consumerist architecture variables (e.g., standardized signage, franchise-dominated streetscapes) and metrics of urban identity loss (e.g., diminished place attachment, blurred cultural distinctiveness). The integration of these datasets revealed a nuanced portrait of how consumerism reconfigures urban semiotics. For instance, residents of Kianabad, a district with a stronger historical identity rooted in vernacular architecture and localized commerce, reported higher levels of dissatisfaction with the encroachment of generic retail chains and neon-lit advertisements, which they associated with a dilution of community character. In contrast, Zeytun’s younger, more transient population exhibited greater ambivalence, often framing homogenized aesthetics as markers of "progress" and "global connectivity," albeit at the cost of spatial uniqueness.Statistical findings underscored a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the prevalence of consumerist architectural elements and metrics of urban identity erosion. PLS-SEM path analysis further identified "visual homogenization" and "decline in locally rooted design motifs" as primary mediators of this relationship, accounting for 68% of the variance in identity loss scores. Qualitative narratives complemented these results, with interviewees lamenting the replacement of traditional bazaars and artisanal storefronts with glass-paneled franchises and digital billboards, which they perceived as eroding the "soul" of their neighborhoods. One participant remarked, "The streets now feel like a mirror of any global city—same brands, same lights, but no connection to who we are." Such sentiments were particularly pronounced among long-term residents, who framed the transformation as a form of cultural dispossession.The study’s implications extend beyond theoretical discourse, offering pragmatic pathways for urban revitalization. It argues that the preservation of urban identity in the face of consumerist pressures necessitates a dual approach: first, the implementation of zoning regulations that prioritize context-sensitive design—such as mandating the integration of traditional motifs into modern facades or limiting the dominance of multinational retail chains in historic districts; and second, community-engaged initiatives to document and celebrate indigenous architectural heritage, fostering a sense of ownership and continuity among residents. For example, participatory workshops involving local artisans and architects could serve to reinterpret traditional craftsmanship within contemporary frameworks, ensuring that modernization does not equate to cultural erasure. Additionally, the research highlights the role of digital tools—such as augmented reality apps that overlay historical imagery onto present-day streetscapes—as means to cultivate public awareness of architectural heritage.Critically, the study also interrogates the socio-economic dimensions of consumerist urbanization. In districts like Zeytun, where commercial development is often synonymous with economic opportunity, the research uncovers a paradox: while residents acknowledge the aesthetic and cultural costs of homogenization, many view consumerist spaces as vital to livelihood and social mobility. This tension underscores the need for policies that harmonize economic growth with cultural preservation, rather than framing them as mutually exclusive. For instance, incentivizing local businesses to adopt hybrid models—combining modern retail practices with traditional design elements—could mitigate identity loss while sustaining economic vitality.In conclusion, this research delineates the complex interplay between consumerist architecture and urban identity, demonstrating that the semiotic landscape of cities is not merely a backdrop to social life but a dynamic participant in the construction of collective memory and cultural belonging. By exposing the mechanisms through which market-driven design engenders spatial alienation, the study advocates for a reimagined urbanism—one that embraces modernity without sacrificing locality, and growth without erasure. For cities like Ahvaz, poised at the crossroads of tradition and globalization, such an approach is not merely aesthetic but existential, offering a blueprint for resilient, identity-anchored urban futures. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723525.html IntroductionThe formation of cognitive maps occurs through a process in which an individual encodes, stores, retrieves, and decodes information about the physical environment. In this regard, factors such as building design, organization of pedestrian and vehicular pathways, spatial scale, urban structural networks, and the system of mass and space in cities are examined. One of the most well-known studies on this topic is by Lynch, who identifies five key elements of cognitive maps: paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts. However, in some cities and developed areas, a lack of legibility in the urban fabric is evident. For instance, in the northern parts of Qazvin, specifically the “Minoodar” and “Kosar” neighborhoods, which represent the city’s recent development, the initial studies and user experiences indicate a lack of spatial legibility. This has led to issues in spatial orientation and navigation, leaving residents confused and feeling insecure. Therefore, this research aims to answer several key questions: to what extent does the studied area provide legibility for its residents? How accurate and precise are the residents' cognitive maps? Which element of the cognitive maps receives the most emphasis, and what individual factors influence this? What are the strengths and weaknesses of spatial legibility in the studied area, and how can it be improved?MethodologyFollowing Lynch’s approach, where user-drawn sketches were analyzed to identify key physical elements, each participant in this study was asked to draw a sketch of their living environment. The sketches were analyzed based on the five physical elements (paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts) to assess their effective definition. The sketches were also compared to actual maps to evaluate accuracy and analyzed for precision across different social groups. A total of 380 participants from four clusters of the studied area were selected through a stratified random sampling method. In each cluster 95 participants were participated. The results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in two main phases. At the first, precision of the sketches were analyzed considering different five elements paths, nodes, edges, landmarks, and districts and the rate of using them in different sociodemographic groups. At second step, the accuracy of the sketches were investigated based on the real maps to explore the legibility and users’ mental maps.Results and discussionAnalysis using SPSS software showed that gender and marital status did not significantly correlate with the accuracy of the sketches. Additionally, while cognitive maps of long-term residents were more detailed, the relationship between residency duration and sketch accuracy was not statistically significant. The sketches of educated participants were more accurate. Regarding employment, self-employed individuals and retirees showed greater attention to the environment. In terms of frequency, the five elements of Lynch's model were mentioned in the following order: landmarks, nodes, paths, districts (5%), and edges (2%), with landmarks being the most and edges the least frequently mentioned. Errors in the sketches included issues with geometry, orientation, and the position of elements. Among these, geometric errors (misidentifying the shape of paths) were the most common, while directional errors (incorrect orientation) were the least. The overall accuracy score of the sketches was 61.36%, while precision was 55%, indicating a lack of precision details and accuracy. In addition, curve geometry of the paths were the reason for lack of sense of orientation among users and they focused on the nodes than paths in drawing their sketches. It indicates that although the paths are the weakness of the neighborhood design in term of legibility and the nodes were the strength in this regard.ConclusionThe findings indicate that participants' cognitive maps do not align well with the actual maps of the city in terms of orientation, geometry, and access hierarchy. The most notable insight was that participants' spatial knowledge relied more on urban nodes and their relative positions and sequences rather than on access hierarchies or sequential paths. A direct observation of the studied area revealed several reasons for the lack of legibility: similarity of urban pathways and structural forms, absence of distinctive landmarks or key elements, curved pathways lacking clear geometry, disrupting spatial orientation, poor access hierarchies, lack of building identity and monotonous facades due to low-cost cooperative housing, and undefined edges and boundaries of neighborhoods. None of the participants have mentioned the edges and boundaries between the two neighborhoods of Minodar and Kosar in their sketches, which shows that one of the problems of poor legibility in these areas is because the borders and edges of these two neighborhoods are not clear.So, Improving legibility requires addressing these weaknesses through thoughtful design and urban planning to clarify different elements and form clear mental image from their living area. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723537.html ABSTRACTThis article examines the effects of gamification on improving organizational learning and shows how the use of gamification tools can be effective in increasing intrinsic motivation, team collaboration, increasing participation, and continuous learning. In addition, gamification can lead to better learning and improving employees' technical skills by increasing access to online educational resources and providing a competitive and attractive environment. Research shows that gamification can help develop social skills and strengthen group collaboration in organizations in addition to promoting individual learning. However, there are challenges such as high costs, cultural resistance, and the need to personalize learning experiences in using gamification that need to be addressed. In addition, the results of the studies show that to fully exploit the potential of gamification, the design of gamification systems should be done according to the specific needs of the organization and its culture. Also, using this tool in digital and online environments during the era of teleworking and distance learning can help improve organizational performance and improve learning processes. This article also discusses practical suggestions for improving the use of gamification in organizations and suggests that future research should focus on examining the long-term effects of gamification and its impact on different parts of the organization such as human resources, marketing, and production.keywords:Gamification, organizational learning, performanceimprovement, identity modeling, individual and social behavior,people-centered defense Gamification provides an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. Puzo Sanchez, Lopez Belmonte, Fuentes Cabrera, and Lopez Nunez (2020) showed that gamification can provide great potential in improving performance. Organizations should use gamification because it creates an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. This approach increases employee motivation and engagement in performance by incorporating elements such as challenges and emotions (Alcivar & Abad, 2016). According to Kolb and Kolb (2010), game-based learning has been recognized as a useful method because it provides an enjoyable and safe environment for learning where the learner is in a controlled platform. Therefore, it would be beneficial for organizations to create a creative and self-exploratory environment using gamified systems to more effectively improve organizational commitment. However, despite the growing use of gamification in educational and organizational settings, its precise and documented effects on improving organizational learning are still under debate. Many studies show that gamification can increase employee motivation and engagement with educational processes, but there are many questions about how and to what extent it is effective.This study seeks to examine the impact of gamification on organizational learning and attempts to introduce models and methods that organizations can use to optimize the use of this technique and improve their educational and learning processes.Gamification provides an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. Puzo Sanchez, Lopez Belmonte, Fuentes Cabrera, and Lopez Nunez (2020) showed that gamification can provide great potential in improving performance. Organizations should use gamification because it creates an environment where users can see their progress and achievements. This approach increases employee motivation and engagement in performance by incorporating elements such as challenges and emotions (Alcivar & Abad, 2016). According to Kolb and Kolb (2010), game-based learning has been recognized as a useful method because it provides an enjoyable and safe environment for learning where the learner is in a controlled platform. Therefore, it would be beneficial for organizations to create a creative and self-exploratory environment using gamified systems to more effectively improve organizational commitment. However, despite the increasing use of gamification in educational and organizational settings, its precise and documented effects on improving organizational learning are still under debate. Many studies show that gamification can increase employee motivation and engagement with educational processes, but there are many questions about how and to what extent it is effective. These questions include: "How can gamification affect the learning process and improve employee skills?", "What factors influence the success or failure of gamification in organizations?", and "Can gamification sustainably help improve organizational performance?". This research seeks to examine the impact of gamification on organizational learning and attempts to introduce models and methods that organizations can use to optimally utilize this technique and improve their educational and learning processes.keywords:Gamification, organizational learning, performanceimprovement, identity modeling, individual and social behavior,people-centered defense https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723562.html Fire risk management in buildings is a critical challenge in architecture, interior architecture, and fire safety engineering, directly impacting occupant health, safety, and well-being. interior architecture plays a crucial role in fire prevention, suppression, and emergency response, making it an essential interdisciplinary field. This study systematically reviews the scientific literature to analyze the role of interior architecture elements in managing fire risks. A systematic review methodology was employed, analyzing 23 selected articles retrieved from Scopus, Emerald, and Google Scholar through qualitative and quantitative content analysis to identify key themes, research trends, and gaps.The findings indicate that interior architecture significantly impacts fire risk management across four critical phases: prevention, detection, suppression, and evacuation.1. Prevention: Reducing Fire Occurrence RisksThe prevention phase focuses on material selection and spatial planning. Using fire-resistant materials such as non-combustible wall panels, flame-retardant textiles, and fire-resistant coatings reduces fire spread. Safe spatial planning involves compartmentalization, placing high-risk areas (e.g., kitchens, electrical rooms) away from main living or workspaces, and minimizing combustible materials in interiors.2. Detection: Enhancing Early Fire WarningsEarly detection is vital for preventing fire escalation. Integrating smoke detectors, heat sensors, and alarm systems within interior spaces enhances safety. The study highlights the growing adoption of smart fire detection systems, including AI-driven and IoT-based sensors, which improve response time and accuracy. Strategic placement of detectors and ensuring they blend aesthetically into interiors without compromising effectiveness is an emerging trend in fire-conscious design.3. Suppression: Containing Fire Spread and DamageFire suppression relies on integrating fire control systems into interior spaces, including automatic sprinklers, fire-resistant furnishings, and suppression coatings. Research highlights advancements such as self-extinguishing materials and chemically treated upholstery, which help slow fire progression. The effectiveness of suppression also depends on intelligent fire suppression technologies, such as gas-based systems that automatically activate in high-risk environments.4. Safe Evacuation: Enabling Quick and Efficient EscapeEvacuation is a critical phase in fire management, requiring clear escape routes, well-placed emergency exits, and effective wayfinding strategies. Findings emphasize that buildings should feature wide, unobstructed corridors, fire-rated stairwells, and illuminated emergency exit signage. Lighting and ventilation play essential roles, with smoke control systems and glow-in-the-dark evacuation paths enhancing occupant safety. Recent studies also explore wayfinding psychology, analyzing how individuals navigate fire emergencies and how interior layouts influence evacuation efficiency.Research Trends and Geographic DistributionResearch in this area is highly interdisciplinary, spanning architecture, interior architecture, fire safety engineering, and material science. Asian countries contribute significantly to this field, driven by urbanization and stringent fire safety regulations. A notable increase in research publications since 2019 highlights growing academic interest in integrating fire-safe interior architecture into modern buildings.Studies are predominantly published in architecture, civil engineering, and fire safety journals, yet cross-disciplinary collaborations remain limited. The study identifies the need for broader integration of perspectives from behavioral psychology, urban planning, and public policy to improve fire-safe design practices.Existing Research Gaps and Future DirectionsDespite advancements, several research gaps remain:1. Limited Focus on Human Behavior and Lived Experiences Most studies emphasize technical solutions and material innovations, with minimal attention to occupants' real-life responses during fire incidents. Future research should explore behaviorally adaptive interior architecture, ensuring that spaces facilitate intuitive and efficient evacuations.2. Lack of Policy and Regulatory AnalysisFire safety regulations significantly impact interior architecture, yet studies on policy effectiveness, compliance challenges, and regional disparities are scarce. Future research should assess how building codes influence design decisions and propose improvements.3. Insufficient Investigation of Smart Technologies and Sustainable SolutionsWhile AI-driven fire monitoring and sustainable fire-resistant materials show promise, research on their practical implementation, cost-effectiveness, and scalability remains limited. Future studies should explore how innovative technologies can enhance fire resilience without compromising design aesthetics.This study highlights the responsibility of architects and interior architectures in prioritizing fire safety through material selection, space planning, and smart fire prevention measures. Collaboration with fire engineers, urban planners, and policymakers is essential to align safety measures with evolving building codes, environmental concerns, and technological advancements.Additionally, greater education and awareness within the interior architecture profession are necessary. Universities and design training programs should incorporate fire safety principles into their curricula to equip future professionals with the expertise needed to create safer built environments.In conclusion, interior architecture plays an essential role in fire prevention, detection, suppression, and safe evacuation. A systematic review of existing research highlights that fire-resistant materials, strategic spatial layouts, and integrated fire safety systems are critical in reducing fire-related risks.While research in this domain has grown significantly, gaps remain in behavioral analysis, policy assessment, and the integration of smart technologies into fire-safe design. Future research should bridge these gaps by incorporating interdisciplinary perspectives, combining technical innovations with behavioral science and policy-driven strategies.By advancing knowledge in this field, architects and interior architectures can take a proactive role in enhancing building safety, ultimately contributing to resilient urban environments and improved fire risk management strategies in modern architecture. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_727393.html In the present age, the concept of a safe city is recognized as one of the essential pillars in enhancing urban governance. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-analytical, where the factors influencing a safe city in improving urban governance in Tabriz were initially identified through the opinions of 25 specialists, professors, and experts in relevant organizations using the Delphi method. For data analysis, three components with 27 sub-components were identified as strong influencing factors in enhancing urban governance, and the impact analysis method was employed using the Micmac software, which serves as an effective tool in analyzing and modeling the relationships among different components of a safe city and their effects on urban governance. The results indicated that environmental components and their sub-components, including resilient and safe infrastructure, sustainable natural resource management, urban safety and security, etc., were the most influential factors in enhancing urban governance in the border towns of Marzdaran and Khavaran in Tabriz, with a score of 474. According to the results, environmental components with a score of 474, economic components with a score of 463, and social components with a score of 401 are effective in improving urban governance. Therefore, paying attention to these three components together can contribute to creating a safe city and, consequently, enhancing the quality of life for citizens and improving management processes in the city of Tabriz.IntroductionOne of the most important issues that has been considered by planners and urban managers in recent years for various reasons such as population density and a decrease in social interactions is the topic of safety in cities and for citizens. The existence of safety in urban environments is one of the essential requirements of quality of life. The safe city, as a central concept in urban design and planning, examines and evaluates the structures, services, and policies designed to reduce various risks and threats. In this context, multiple components such as optimal infrastructure, access to public services, social security, and active community participation in decision-making processes play a key role in enhancing quality of life and improving urban management. In the new areas of Tabriz, considering the rapid urbanization and the necessity of creating a suitable living space, the analysis and evaluation of these components, especially from a social and economic perspective, becomes particularly important. In other words, creating safe cities not only helps reduce vulnerability to natural and human disasters but also increases public trust in government institutions and accelerates and improves management processes. This means creating a safe and sustainable environment for citizens in the new areas of Tabriz, where everyone can easily benefit from facilities and services and participate in urban decision-making. This research aims to address the question of how the role of safe city components can be evaluated in enhancing urban governance in the new areas of Tabriz using foresight.MethodologyThis research is of an applied nature and, based on its methodology, is conducted through future studies - analytical methods, utilizing a combination of documentary and survey methods. For data collection, researcher-made questionnaires were used. Results and discussionThe software was configured with a matrix of dimensions 27×27, which had a fill rate of 74.95 percent and indicates that the selected components have high and scattered interactions with each other. In fact, the system is in a state of instability.The matrix, based on statistical indicators with two rounds of data rotation, is 100 percent desirable and optimal; such that the matrix of potential direct effects is 92 and 94 percent, respectively, indicating the high validity of the questionnaire and its responses. In the structural analysis matrix, the sum of the numbers in the rows of each factor represents the level of impact, while the sum of the columns of each factor shows the degree of susceptibility of that factor, which will be explained further. According to the analytical results of the matrix, the environmental component, with a score of 474, has the greatest impact on enhancing the validity of the city of Tabriz in the areas of Khavaran and Marzdaran, while the social component, with a score of 401, has the lowest degree of impact. Additionally, the social component, with a score of 454, has shown the highest susceptibility.ConclusionEvaluating future-oriented approaches in enhancing urban governance requires examining components with scientific and logical tools. In this research, the Micmac software has been used to analyze and prioritize the effective components in promoting urban governance. Based on structural analysis in Micmac software, three components and twenty-seven sub-components were categorized as effective components for a safe city in enhancing governance from the perspective of 25 experts and professors in related fields. The scoring indicated that environmental components have the greatest impact on improving urban governance. It was concluded that urban governance in the Khavaran and Marzdaran neighborhoods has a direct relationship with environmental components, including resilient and safe infrastructure, sustainable management of natural resources, urban safety and security, climate sustainability, urban resilience, citizen awareness, connection to good urban governance, natural resource management, green space management, and air quality. Therefore, to enhance urban governance in the Marzdaran and Khavaran neighborhoods, comprehensive and precise planning in the area of environmental components in the city of Tabriz needs to be conducted. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_723923.html IntroductionThe environment, housing, and buildings are human innovations in every culture and civilization, and one of the most important structures reflecting native architecture. This study aims to examine the modeling of housing architecture with a critical regionalism approach in residential houses from the Pahlavi I and II periods in Mashhad. Therefore, the research question is: How can the structure of criteria and classification be extracted as formulated rules (communal) in modeling housing architecture with a critical regionalism approach, emphasizing the architectural features of the Pahlavi I and II periods, and how impactful are the components in this classification? It is suggested that modern technology and sustainability hold the greatest importance in the structural critical regionalism of the physical-functional aspects of residential houses in Mashhad during the Pahlavi I and II periods, with the criterion of modern technology having the greatest impact.MethodologyAfter analyzing the theories of experts in regionalism and critical regionalism, a diagram was drawn for the houses in Mashhad based on the views of Kenneth Frampton and experts. A total of 138 photographs were collected by the author, and after analyzing the data to obtain a qualitative and conceptual model, the model was evaluated.Using a closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire, the data was analyzed with SPSS software. To ensure the validity and reliability of the tools used, the Spearman test and Cronbach's alpha were employed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the type of analysis method and hypothesis testing, indicating that since the significance coefficient is zero, the type is determined to be non-parametric.The target population consists of senior architecture experts who are members of the engineering system in Mashhad, with the sample size determined based on Cochran's table.Results and discussionThe main question is to identify and analyze the relationships among the model components. In response to this question, machine learning systems can be utilized. After compiling the relevant images, three groups and classification categories were determined:1. Architecture without critical regionalism.2. Critical regionalist architecture of the Pahlavi I period.3. Critical regionalist architecture of the Pahlavi II period.After extracting the classes, which were validated by experts, the next step was to determine the main structural features for classification. Based on the conducted studies, further research, and consultations with experts, four features were identified as follows:1. Symbolic and abstract.2. Traditional and native.3. Sustainability.4. Modern technology.Chart 1- Ranking of the three classes of non-critical and critical regionalism in the houses of the Pahlavi I and II in Mashhadextracting the classes and features in Python, the data was coded for classification, and the graphical output is presented as follows: Chart 1 shows that for precise ranking of the mentioned three classes, modern technology can have the most significant share.Out of a total of 138 mined samples, 38 samples lacked regionalism, 50 samples fell into the category of critical regionalism from the Pahlavi I period, and 50 samples belonged to the Pahlavi II period of regionalism. Analyzed from another perspective regarding the classification rules of the tested data, shows that technology is the primary distinguishing factor for classifying the sub-branches, while sustainability is placed second among the criteria. The third-layered thinking system also indicates that modern technology and sustainability are the distinguishing criteria for the groups. it can be concluded that despite the three prevailing thoughts in machine learning, the two elements of modern technology and sustainability are prioritized. Again, the 138 observational houses rated on a nine-point Likert scale will be analyzed in the Pareto chart. After analyzing the input data, two conditions emerged as shown below.Chart 2 : ParetoChart 3 : ParetoChart 2 indicates that the group of non-critical regionalist architecture relies heavily on the symbolic and abstract criteria. traditional-indigenous (192.3), and modern technology (9.4) has a minimal role in determining the classification. In the same diagram, in the group of critical regionalisms from the Pahlavi I period (P.A.M), the contribution of the symbolic-abstract and sustainability criteria is very significant. The combined weight of the two criteria, modern technology (66.3) and traditional-native (138.5), does not even match one of the two mentioned criteria.In the classification of the Pahlavi I regionalism (P.D.M), there is not much difference compared to (P.A.M), with only modern technology (101.3) showing a noticeable increase.Chart 3 supports these findings. As shown, the contribution of the symbolic-abstract criterion is distinct in all three groups compared to the other three criteria. The removal of this factor could lead to disarray in the grouping structure. If a vertical line is drawn from P.A.M parallel to the y-axis, it becomes evident that the two groups P.A.M and P.D.M account for more than 87% of the impact. The N.M.E group does not play a significant role.Charts 2 and 3 help clarify: firstly, the contribution of each criterion is specified within each classification group. Secondly, the contributions of the two groups P.A.M and P.D.M are differentiated from N.M.E. Diagram 3 shows that from the perspective of critical regionalism, the Pahlavi I and II periods have nearly equal contributions to the group, and at times, it may not be possible to define a precise boundary for critical regionalist buildings in these two classes.ConclusionGiven the advancements in modern technology and the significant importance of sustainability during the Pahlavi I and II periods, these two criteria are the most important aspects of critical regionalism in the structural-functional framework of residential houses in Mashhad during these periods. The characteristics of critical regionalism are ranked in three classes as follows: symbolic and abstract, traditional and native, sustainability, and modern technology, with modern technology taking the lead. FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724001.html مدیریت‌شهری مؤثر، به‌عنوان بستر اصلی توسعۀ پایدار، نقشی حیاتی در شکل‌دهی به فضاهای عمومی و ارتقای کیفیت زندگی در جوامع شهری ایفاء می‌کند. به‌طورخاص، مدیریت‌شهری به‌مثابۀ یکی‌از پارامترهای کلیدی در توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار کلان‌شهرهای ایران، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت و دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی ایفاء می‌کند. این پژوهش باهدف تدوین چارچوبی برای توسعۀ پایدار و بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی، بر تحلیل تأثیر سه پارامتر اصلی شامل «دسترسی عادلانه به فضاهای عمومی»، «کیفیت طراحی فضاها»، و «پایداری محیطی»، متمرکز شده است. متدولوژی موردتبیین در قالب ترکیبی بوده و شامل دو قسمت است: در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها ازطریق تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات موردی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 21متخصص خبره در حوزۀ مدیریت‌شهری و برنامه‌ریزی گردآوری شد. و در بخش کمی، اطلاعات با توزیع پرسش‌نامه میان 384شهروند، مدیر و کارشناس شهری جمع‌آوری و با نرم‌افزار-(Spss)، و سپس باتمرکزبر روش‌ آماری (t-test)، تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طراحی و مدیریت اثربخش فضاهای عمومی، باتأکیدبر اصول عدالت فضایی، ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و پایداری، تأثیر چشمگیری بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری و افزایش تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهرها دارد. این مطالعه چارچوبی عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران شهری ارائه می‌دهد تا ازطریق بهبود بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی و تقویت هم‌افزایی نهادی، توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران محقق شود.مدیریت‌شهری مؤثر، به‌عنوان بستر اصلی توسعۀ پایدار، نقشی حیاتی در شکل‌دهی به فضاهای عمومی و ارتقای کیفیت زندگی در جوامع شهری ایفاء می‌کند. به‌طورخاص، مدیریت‌شهری به‌مثابۀ یکی‌از پارامترهای کلیدی در توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار کلان‌شهرهای ایران، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت و دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی ایفاء می‌کند. این پژوهش باهدف تدوین چارچوبی برای توسعۀ پایدار و بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی، بر تحلیل تأثیر سه پارامتر اصلی شامل «دسترسی عادلانه به فضاهای عمومی»، «کیفیت طراحی فضاها»، و «پایداری محیطی»، متمرکز شده است. متدولوژی موردتبیین در قالب ترکیبی بوده و شامل دو قسمت است: در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها ازطریق تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات موردی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 21متخصص خبره در حوزۀ مدیریت‌شهری و برنامه‌ریزی گردآوری شد. و در بخش کمی، اطلاعات با توزیع پرسش‌نامه میان 384شهروند، مدیر و کارشناس شهری جمع‌آوری و با نرم‌افزار-(Spss)، و سپس باتمرکزبر روش‌ آماری (t-test)، تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طراحی و مدیریت اثربخش فضاهای عمومی، باتأکیدبر اصول عدالت فضایی، ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و پایداری، تأثیر چشمگیری بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری و افزایش تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهرها دارد. این مطالعه چارچوبی عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران شهری ارائه می‌دهد تا ازطریق بهبود بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی و تقویت هم‌افزایی نهادی، توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران محقق شود.مدیریت‌شهری مؤثر، به‌عنوان بستر اصلی توسعۀ پایدار، نقشی حیاتی در شکل‌دهی به فضاهای عمومی و ارتقای کیفیت زندگی در جوامع شهری ایفاء می‌کند. به‌طورخاص، مدیریت‌شهری به‌مثابۀ یکی‌از پارامترهای کلیدی در توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار کلان‌شهرهای ایران، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت و دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی ایفاء می‌کند. این پژوهش باهدف تدوین چارچوبی برای توسعۀ پایدار و بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی، بر تحلیل تأثیر سه پارامتر اصلی شامل «دسترسی عادلانه به فضاهای عمومی»، «کیفیت طراحی فضاها»، و «پایداری محیطی»، متمرکز شده است. متدولوژی موردتبیین در قالب ترکیبی بوده و شامل دو قسمت است: در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها ازطریق تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات موردی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 21متخصص خبره در حوزۀ مدیریت‌شهری و برنامه‌ریزی گردآوری شد. و در بخش کمی، اطلاعات با توزیع پرسش‌نامه میان 384شهروند، مدیر و کارشناس شهری جمع‌آوری و با نرم‌افزار-(Spss)، و سپس باتمرکزبر روش‌ آماری (t-test)، تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طراحی و مدیریت اثربخش فضاهای عمومی، باتأکیدبر اصول عدالت فضایی، ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و پایداری، تأثیر چشمگیری بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری و افزایش تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهرها دارد. این مطالعه چارچوبی عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران شهری ارائه می‌دهد تا ازطریق بهبود بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی و تقویت هم‌افزایی نهادی، توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران محقق شود.مدیریت‌شهری مؤثر، به‌عنوان بستر اصلی توسعۀ پایدار، نقشی حیاتی در شکل‌دهی به فضاهای عمومی و ارتقای کیفیت زندگی در جوامع شهری ایفاء می‌کند. به‌طورخاص، مدیریت‌شهری به‌مثابۀ یکی‌از پارامترهای کلیدی در توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار کلان‌شهرهای ایران، نقشی اساسی در ارتقای کیفیت و دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی ایفاء می‌کند. این پژوهش باهدف تدوین چارچوبی برای توسعۀ پایدار و بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی، بر تحلیل تأثیر سه پارامتر اصلی شامل «دسترسی عادلانه به فضاهای عمومی»، «کیفیت طراحی فضاها»، و «پایداری محیطی»، متمرکز شده است. متدولوژی موردتبیین در قالب ترکیبی بوده و شامل دو قسمت است: در بخش کیفی، داده‌ها ازطریق تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات موردی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 21متخصص خبره در حوزۀ مدیریت‌شهری و برنامه‌ریزی گردآوری شد. و در بخش کمی، اطلاعات با توزیع پرسش‌نامه میان 384شهروند، مدیر و کارشناس شهری جمع‌آوری و با نرم‌افزار-(Spss)، و سپس باتمرکزبر روش‌ آماری (t-test)، تجزیه‌وتحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که طراحی و مدیریت اثربخش فضاهای عمومی، باتأکیدبر اصول عدالت فضایی، ارتقای کیفیت محیطی و پایداری، تأثیر چشمگیری بر بهبود کیفیت زندگی شهری و افزایش تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهرها دارد. این مطالعه چارچوبی عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران شهری ارائه می‌دهد تا ازطریق بهبود بهره‌وری فضاهای عمومی و تقویت هم‌افزایی نهادی، توسعۀ فراگیر و پایدار در کلان‌شهرهای ایران محقق شود. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724626.html Urban areas, as densely populated human settlements, necessitate comprehensive security and safety measures across various dimensions, including physical infrastructure, social stability, economic resilience, cultural continuity, and administrative governance. The growing complexity of modern cities, coupled with increasing geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, and technological threats, underscores the critical need for robust risk mitigation strategies. Among these strategies, passive defense refers to a set of strategic measures designed to minimize human casualties and financial losses inflicted upon critical infrastructure, essential facilities, and sensitive military and civilian locations. Unlike active defense, which relies on direct military engagement, passive defense measures focus on proactive, preemptive actions to enhance urban resilience. These measures encompass a broad spectrum of techniques, including strategic site selection, structural fortification, dispersion, relocation, barrier implementation, camouflage, concealment, deception, mobility, and protective coverage.One of the most critical aspects of passive defense is ensuring the security and resilience of urban food storage facilities, such as silos and warehouses. These infrastructures play a pivotal role in maintaining food security and societal stability, particularly in times of crisis. Any potential threat to their integrity can have profound repercussions on national food supply systems, economic stability, and public health. Given their strategic significance, these storage facilities must be safeguarded against both conventional and unconventional threats, including terrorist attacks, cyber threats, natural disasters, supply chain disruptions, and contamination risks, to ensure continuous and reliable food distribution.According to Warden’s Five-Ring Model, food storage warehouses are categorized within the second ring, which represents essential systemic functions akin to power plants, refineries, heavy industries, fuel reservoirs, defense industries, ammunition depots, pharmaceutical supplies, and water distribution networks. This classification underscores their fundamental role in sustaining national infrastructure. The significance of these facilities extends beyond merely storing food; they act as key logistical hubs, enabling efficient food distribution in urban and rural areas. In the event of an emergency, whether due to war, economic sanctions, or natural calamities, the operational continuity of food storage facilities becomes a critical determinant of national resilience.This study employs risk assessment and management methodologies, utilizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) framework in conjunction with documentary research and field studies to evaluate the vulnerabilities of food storage silos. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these vulnerabilities, data collection involved on-site inspections, expert interviews, and structured questionnaires. The study’s statistical sample comprised 30 professionals specializing in various fields related to passive defense, occupational safety, and health management. Specifically, 10 participants were experts in passive defense strategies, while 3 specialists were selected from the field of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE). The collected data underwent rigorous analysis to identify, categorize, and prioritize risk factors, culminating in the formulation of an extensive index of vulnerability determinants associated with food storage silos.Findings from the analysis reveal that effective risk management within food storage silos constitutes a vital component of national infrastructure resilience. Identified threats include cyberattacks targeting silo management systems, physical threats such as explosions or fires, deliberate food contamination, hazardous chemical leaks, and deficiencies in regulatory oversight and safety monitoring. Given the multifaceted nature of these threats, the implementation of comprehensive security measures is imperative to enhance the resilience of food storage facilities and mitigate risks associated with potential crises.In response to these risks, several key strategies have been proposed to strengthen silo security. First, enhancing cybersecurity measures within silo management systems is essential, as cyber threats pose significant risks to the digital infrastructure that controls storage operations. The integration of blockchain technology for secure food supply chain tracking can further reduce vulnerabilities related to tampering or contamination. Second, investments in advanced surveillance systems, including AI-driven anomaly detection and real-time monitoring, can enhance situational awareness and allow for rapid response to potential threats. Third, the physical reinforcement of silos through improved structural materials and fire-resistant coatings can significantly increase their resilience against both man-made and natural disasters.Moreover, by integrating modern passive defense methodologies, fostering workforce awareness and training, leveraging advanced monitoring and control technologies, optimizing ventilation and storage conditions, and reinforcing structural integrity, this research underscores the necessity of proactive strategies in securing critical food storage infrastructures. The adoption of smart monitoring systems and digital innovations, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), can significantly enhance real-time surveillance and facilitate rapid preventive interventions in emergency scenarios. Additionally, automated inventory management systems can improve operational efficiency and reduce the likelihood of food spoilage due to poor oversight.Beyond technical measures, national and local policy frameworks must be restructured to reinforce food security and minimize dependence on external supply chains. One recommended approach is the strategic decentralization of food storage facilities, ensuring an even geographical distribution to mitigate the adverse effects of localized disruptions. The creation of emergency food reserves in multiple locations would further enhance resilience by preventing overreliance on a single, centralized supply network. Furthermore, fostering interagency collaboration among security organizations, emergency management entities, and food distribution networks is essential for establishing a robust and adaptive food storage system.This study serves as a foundational step toward a broader investigation into crisis management and passive defense strategies within food storage infrastructure. Given the spectrum of potential threats, developing long-term strategic policies for the protection and sustainability of these facilities is of paramount importance. The insights derived from this research aim to guide policymakers, security officials, and urban planners in implementing effective measures to enhance food storage security and mitigate the risks associated with emerging threats. Ultimately, these findings contribute to the formulation of comprehensive safety regulations and strategic frameworks designed to fortify food supply resilience on both national and global scales.By bridging technological advancements, security policies, and infrastructure development, this research highlights the critical need for interdisciplinary collaboration in food security planning. As cities continue to expand and global uncertainties intensify, the resilience of food storage infrastructure will remain a defining factor in national stability and crisis preparedness. Therefore, continued research, investment, and innovation in passive defense strategies are essential to safeguarding the future of food security in urban environments. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724676.html IntroductionAs the population grows and lifestyles change, urban societies are expanding. The concentration of population in cities for various reasons such as job opportunities, ease of access and meeting life's needs necessitates attention to the study of residential design principles at various scales. Safety, as a fundamental need, is a quality of the environment that, if achieved, ensures the presence of individuals in the environment, and if the environment is perceived as unsafe, the most important qualitative aspect of the environment is compromised, and people will be forced to flee. Efforts to identify the effective components of safety in different scales of environmental design and extract practical patterns to other urban spaces require comprehensive studies. This research aims to explore the safety patterns of residential complexes through an emphasis on environmental and human factors affecting safety in the urban fabric of Kashan.MethodologyThree neighborhoods (Kohneh Square, Shamekhi Mosque, and Najiabad) in the city of Kashan, where safety of the fabric was matter, were selected. In each of the three neighborhoods, individuals were randomly selected for interview. Interviews continued until the information became repetitive and reached theoretical saturation. In the limited traditional fabric, 9 interviews (6 women and 3 men), in the middle fabric 11 interviews (6 women and 5 men), and in the new fabric of Najiabad neighborhood, 14 interviews (9 women and 5 men) were conducted. After transcription the interviews, open, axial, and selective coding were conducted. Based on the coding performed on the interviews in each neighborhood, features and components related to safety were extracted. Through comparing the three neighborhoods and examining the similarities and differences in comparison with the theoretical foundations, data analysis was performed.Results and discussionThe influential factors on the safety of the historical fabric include neighborly relations and their recognition, proximity to the city center, appropriate lighting, the presence of a central mosque and its programs, the lifestyle pattern of some old residents, alleyway living, low number of vacant units, residents' surveillance of the neighborhood, and the presence and dispersion of elements such as schools, mosques, etc. The influential factors in the unsafety of this area include the long distance between house doors, frequent alleyway breaks, lack of small shops, solid walls (few open houses), distance from the main street, low traffic in secondary alleys, anonymity and unpredictability of alleys, presence of some ruined units, accommodation of non-native residents, lifestyle patterns and people's living hours. In the middle fabric (Shamekhi Mosque neighborhood), the influential factors on safety include proximity to main axes, neighborhood elements such as schools, Sepah building, neighbors' surveillance, alley guards, long history of residence of most residents and absence of abandoned units, safety equipment and home surveillance cameras, sufficient lighting, and factors such as unequal width of streets, many two-story units, gradual change in fabric over time, lack of small shops, more than two breaks in alleys, neighborhood's reputation for wealth, low traffic in secondary alleys, anonymity and unpredictability of alleys, allocation of a street to schools and offices with morning to noon employment, presence of large-scale units and long walls, non-level streets affecting the unsafety of the fabric. In the new fabric, the influential factors on the safety of the new fabric include predictable urban design pattern, municipal reforms, neighborhood elements such as schools and sports fields, presence of law enforcement and police patrols, high traffic, open houses and proximity to house doors, dispersion of small shops, proximity to main and secondary axes, night gatherings and self-organized religious ceremonies in the neighborhood, absence of ruined and old units in the neighborhood area, division of the area into blocks of ten to twenty houses with a chessboard pattern, approximate recognition and face-to-face interaction of residents in each alley, neighborhood life and simultaneous living of different social classes in terms of wealth and financial power. Factors that were effective in the unsafety of the new fabric include darkness and lack of sufficient lighting, park design and layout pattern, units under construction, vacant lands, low traffic, presence of specific uses such as addiction treatment center, location in the border fabric of Kashan, reduced level of recognition and neighborly relations, presence of large-scale units and long walls, and ongoing development projects.ConclusionThe results of this research show that the physical environment can be an effective factor in improving or weakening safety. The different factors found in each of the three neighborhoods and their alignment with theories in the field of environmental safety show that environmental characteristics such as climate and geography, rout legibility, appropriate distribution of non-residential uses, neighboring units, rout lighting, providing auditory spaces, presence of surveillance uses, appropriate façade transparency, and control of abandoned and ruined units have a significant impact on environmental safety. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724838.html IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), assessed by the United Nations as the biggest challenge facing the whole human since the World War II, has triggered extensive scientific research from various perspectives. Urban characteristics, such as city size, density, geographic distance to the domestic epicenter and health infrastructure, have large impacts on resilience of a city against the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. While infectious diseases have occurred with increasing frequencies in cities in recent decades, there is still significant knowledge shortage concerning the role of urban characteristics in city’s epidemic resilience. In an urban resilience perspective, urban preparedness and emergency governance for infectious diseases has shown many loopholes and difficulties facing the challenge of COVID-19. Deeper understanding of urban resilience for health urgency events can not only help to guide post-disaster socioeconomic recovery, but also inform key factors and issues necessary to be taken care of for the next coming pandemic disasters. Different with natural disasters whose durations are usually not in the hand of human control, pandemic disaster impacts vary greatly in time duration depending on urban preparedness and intervention measures. The differences can be attributed to factors including population density and connectivity, emergency data and governance capability, information validation and dissemination, as well as citizen and community engagement. Comparative studies of COVID-19 situation across cities can add knowledge to the resilience framework regarding pandemic mitigation measures. Such evaluations would help city planners, policy-makers, and managers to understand better the current resilience level of cities against pandemic disasters. To provide empirical knowledge on factors that affecting a city’s pandemic disaster resilience, this paper analyzes the effects of service availability on the urban resilience against Covid-19 in Tehran city.MethodologyThe method of this research is based an applied type and descriptive-analytical approach with quantitative techniques. Data and information in this research were obtained using two library-documentary and field methods; In order to compile research literature and extract components and indicators, library-documentary studies including related books and articles. The data extracted through field observations in the form of interviews with the expert community (including 10 experts for weighting and prioritizing indicators) and per capita service uses extracted from the detailed plans of the 22 districts of Tehran were obtained. The indicators used in this research included 8 commercial, sports, recreational, health-treatment, park and green space, administrative, cultural and educational services. Finally, data analysis has been done using the combined SWARA-COPRAS model.Results and discussionThe results show that there is no justice in the provision of service uses per capita in the regions of Tehran, and the system of having these types of land uses and the inequality coefficient are severe in the 22 districts of Tehran; The three districts 22, 1 and 3 of the city have the highest number of service per capita, so it can be said that these areas are more self-sufficient than other areas of Tehran, the residents of these areas need to travel during the outbreak of Covid-19 to provide their basic needs. This fact shows the possibility of being infected is less for these residents and also more resilience in emergency and quarantine conditions. The five districts 2, 6, 11, 19 and 12 have the second rank of having service users per capita and have an average status in terms of self-sufficiency and resilience against Covid-19. Other districts of Tehran city (including rest of the others) are in an inappropriate situation against Covid-19 with low per capita service users; The welfare of these areas is very low and the residents have to go to other areas to provide their basic and essential needs and travel more distances and more mobility, which increases the possibility of them contracting Covid-19, so it can be said that this category of districts under emergency and quarantine conditions show less resilience against Covid-19.ConclusionThe results of this study can be a good guide for the urban management of Tehran metropolis area in order to provide the lack of per capita service users in the low-income districts and also to balance the distribution of these users in the city of Tehran in order to increase the self-sufficiency of districts and improve the resiliency of them.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724871.html The management of energy consumption in residential buildings has been of great importance in the last decades, and the current debate on energy imbalance is also due to the lack of attention to this debate in previous years. Building Information Modeling (BIM), as one of the new technologies in the construction industry, provides the ability to analyze and optimize energy consumption by providing a digital building model. This article is a multi-stage research to complete the present research method. First, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) platform was completed, and then this platform was used to complete the database of applied deep learning methods. In this study, Design Builder software version 7.3 was used to simulate the thermal load, lighting energy consumption, and heating of educational buildings. Different neural networks were used in this research to implement the best deep learning method. Deep learning methods such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and other neural networks such as LSTM and XGBoost were used to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the model. The learning curves also indicated effective learning and high generalizability of the models. Finally, the most appropriate deep learning structure was introduced with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. This research showed that the use of BIM and its integration with advanced tools and techniques, such as energy simulation and optimization algorithms, has a significant impact on reducing energy consumption and increasing building efficiency, and emphasizes the importance of accurate data and intelligent design. This research focused on optimizing the energy consumption of buildings and was carried out in several phases using different techniques and tools. In the first phase, AutoCAD drawings were transferred to DesignBuilder software to estimate the annual energy consumption of the building. In this phase, standard materials and data related to topic 19 were used. This process served as a basis for subsequent analyses and providing energy consumption optimization solutions. Subsequently, by integrating smart windows and smart shades, an attempt was made to reduce energy consumption in various sectors. The implementation of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method for optimizing the energy consumption of air conditioning (HVAC) systems was carried out using PYTHON software. First, the database was collected according to Table (1) for the required data. Then, coding was done using Python software and the results of the coding. Implementation of the deep learning method are presented. For training and implementation of the neural network, the following data is collected.The results indicate a significant reduction in annual energy consumption, which can lead to improved energy efficiency and cost savings. Comparing the results with the first phase, the energy consumption for lighting has decreased from 88.08 MWh to 52.58 MWh, which is equivalent to a 40.3% annual decrease, which is a significant change. On the other hand, the heating load has increased by 9% from 74.6 to 86.44 MWh, while the cooling load has decreased by 10% from 107.43 to 95.21 MWh; this decrease is due to the reduction in heat generated by the lamps. The results in this table show that the ANFIS neural network has greater accuracy and efficiency than the SVM. It is worth noting that in terms of coding complexity and coding execution, the SVM network has more advantages. Also, the combination of two types of neural networks has had a significant impact on increasing the accuracy of deep learning modeling, bringing the correlation coefficient to 0.98.The results showed that this integration reduced the lighting energy consumption by 40.3% and the cooling load by 10%, while the heating load increased by about 9% due to the reduction in the heat generated by the lamps. The values of the equipment electricity consumption (Room Electricity) and domestic hot water (DHW) did not change, but overall these changes improved energy efficiency without major negative effects. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to determine the best location of the cooling equipment. This algorithm identified the optimal coordinates considering the thermal comfort points (25 °C). However, some of the proposed coordinates were outside the acceptable room space, highlighting the need for position corrections. These corrections led to more accurate solutions with favorable approximations during algorithm execution. Finally, this research comprehensively demonstrated that the use of advanced techniques such as intelligent systems integration and optimization algorithms can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and increased energy efficiency in buildings. Also, these results emphasize the importance of accurate input data and smart design to achieve effective and sustainable results. The results obtained showed that the proposed hybrid model has high accuracy and can be well used in predicting and managing energy consumption patterns of buildings. In addition to increasing the prediction accuracy, this model showed more flexibility than traditional methods and was able to examine the impact of variables such as temperature, humidity, and lighting hours on energy consumption more accurately. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_724967.html The electricity industry is a highly important infrastructure and a vital prerequisite for the advancement of economic, social, and welfare sectors in all communities and countries. The availability of highly reliable electricity always plays a significant role in the growth of these areas. Thermal power plants, with a 94% share, are considered the main source of electrical energy production in the country and are one of the three pillars of the critical electricity infrastructure. Due to the dependence of other infrastructures on this one, they are always regarded as one of the most appealing targets for attacks. Therefore, if the weaknesses of existing thermal power plants against the spectrum of conceivable threats are not addressed, and if these weaknesses are repeated in future plants, ensuring their continued operation in the event of such threats will likely be highly improbable. Risk assessment is the first step in identifying and addressing the vulnerabilities of this infrastructure.The research method of the present study, aimed at assessing the risk of a sample combined cycle power plant against deliberate human-made threats, is descriptive-analytical. To collect and analyze data, a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative) was chosen. In the phase of identifying deliberate human-made threats to power plants, a library method (qualitative) was used, and in the risk assessment section, a questionnaire method (quantitative) based on the FEMA risk assessment method was implemented, with the statistical population selected according to the Delphi method. According to the findings of the research, among the components of the power plant, the turbo-generator buildings, the central control building, and the ancillary facilities have the highest level of risk against conceivable threats, and risk reduction measures are essential for them.The electricity industry is considered a critical infrastructure and a vital prerequisite for the advancement of economic, social, and welfare sectors in all communities and countries. The availability of highly reliable electricity consistently plays a significant role in the growth of these areas. Thermal power plants, with a 94% share, are regarded as the primary source of electrical energy production in the country and are one of the three pillars of critical electricity infrastructure. Given the dependence of other infrastructures on this one, they are always among the most attractive targets for attacks. Therefore, if the weaknesses of existing thermal power plants against the spectrum of conceivable threats are not addressed, and if these weaknesses are repeated in future plants, ensuring their continued operation in the event of such threats will likely be highly improbable. Passive defense is viewed as a foundation for sustainable development and one of the most effective and resilient methods of defense against threats. Essentially, passive defense measures encompass various sectors, including energy infrastructure. This type of defense pursues five central objectives: increasing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, ensuring the continuity of essential activities, enhancing national stability, and facilitating crisis management in the face of threats and military actions. Among the most important measures to achieve these objectives is the effective protection against deliberate human-made threats. This study aims to create the necessary groundwork for effective actions in risk reduction by assessing the risk of a sample power plant against human-made threats.The present research seeks to identify fundamental human-made threats in the components of a power plant. Accordingly, the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect and analyze data in a study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches can be utilized. In this research, a mixed-method approach (quantitative and qualitative) has been chosen. In the phase of identifying deliberate human-made threats facing power plants, a library method (qualitative) was used, while in the risk assessment section, a questionnaire method (quantitative) based on the FEMA risk assessment method was employed. The statistical population of each study can be selected using three general methods: (1) probabilistic methods, which are scientifically valid and known as random methods, (2) non-probabilistic methods, known as judgmental methods, and (3) expert or Delphi methods. In the current research, the Delphi method was used for selection.A combined cycle power plant consists of several gas turbines and a steam turbine. In this type of power plant, a heat recovery boiler is used to utilize the heat present in the exhaust gases from the gas turbines, which can reach temperatures of up to 660 degrees Celsius, to generate the steam needed for the steam turbines. This combination significantly increases the plant's efficiency (in Class E combined cycle plants, efficiency reaches about 54%, in Class F it reaches 58%, and in Class J it reaches approximately 62%). Additionally, the advantages of gas turbines, such as rapid startup and flexibility across a wide load range, can be leveraged. For this reason, many base-load power plants that use natural gas as fuel are currently of the combined cycle type. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_725086.html IntroductionChildhood neighborhoods play a pivotal role in children's social development, interactions, and the formation of long-term memories. As primary environments for social engagement and exploration, these neighborhoods offer unique experiences that significantly shape the mental and emotional framework of individuals in adulthood. However, widespread changes in social, economic, and urban structures—such as rapid urbanization, the decline of play areas, heightened safety concerns, and the rise of digital technologies—have diminished children’s interactions with their neighborhoods, weakening their developmental impact. These changes underscore the importance of re-examining and rediscovering the essence of childhood neighborhoods.Focusing on the city of Sanandaj—renowned for its unique physical structure and diverse hills—this study aims to identify the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods through the lens of adults who spent their formative years in these spaces. By exploring the memories and experiences of these individuals, the study seeks to provide urban planners and designers with fresh perspectives for creating meaningful and lasting environments for children. Such spaces would not only resonate in children's memories but also enhance their quality of life in the future. The outcomes of this research can also contribute to designing environments that foster a sense of belonging, social interaction, and a deeper connection with one's surroundings.MethodologyThe research methodology employed a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis, deemed appropriate for identifying the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods from the perspectives of adults who experienced these environments. Data was collected through 30 in-depth interviews using purposive sampling. The sampling criteria included being born and having spent childhood in Sanandaj, diversity in age and neighborhood types, and active participation in the neighborhood during childhood. Data analysis involved coding and was carried out using the MAXQDA22 software. Additionally, the researcher conducted field visits to the spaces mentioned by participants or similar environments for validation purposes by observing and documenting them. To strengthen the connection between the data and child psychology theories, feedback from experts in this field was incorporated, aligning the final findings with scientific principles and key concepts of child psychology. Results and discussionThe study explores the rich and diverse meanings of childhood neighborhoods based on seven themes: security, sensory richness, childhood home, mystery, walkability and cyclability, and compatibility with nature. Green spaces such as parks, fruit trees, and house yards have been identified as influential factors in the emotional and cognitive development of children. Additionally, the unique physical structure of Sanandaj, with its sloped alleys and geographical variations, has created diverse experiences for children. However, limitations such as steep inclines and street traffic have hindered some activities, encouraging children to seek safer spaces for play.Childhood memories include interactions with both adults and peers in neighborhoods. However, factors such as the presence of young adults in certain spaces or narrow, winding alleys could create a sense of insecurity and momentary fear. Additionally, traditional neighborhoods and organizational housing, with their distinct physical and safe characteristics, played a significant role in shaping children's memories and experiences. These spaces provided opportunities for play and social interaction, fostering a sense of belonging and security.Environmental affordance refers to the role of childhood neighborhoods in providing opportunities for presence, play, and interaction. It enables children to actively engage with their surroundings, discovering and utilizing these affordances during their play activities. Among the notable spaces in memories are stairs and cozy corners, which served as gathering spots for play and socializing. Additionally, social life and close relationships with friends form a significant part of these memories, as the safety and walkability of the neighborhoods enhanced children’s social interactions.Ambiguity in an environment can spark imagination, allowing individuals to derive various meanings from it and imbue it with their own significance. Children's memories of spaces such as narrow alleys, abandoned houses, and historic mansions highlight how these features stimulate curiosity and a sense of adventure. Spaces like hideouts are considered a vital part of childhood memories, which can either be created by adults or constructed by children themselves, transforming them into areas for play, exploration, and creativity.The interview emphasizes sensory richness, where adults' memories of their childhood environments include sensory features such as smells, sounds, and visual details. These sensory connections are absent in the contemporary urban environments of Sanandaj but are vividly reflected in the memories. Observational spaces, such as sitting in specific spots to watch the street, are also a significant part of these recollections, influencing social interactions and environmental experiences. The interviewees' memories highlight factors such as neighborhood safety, children's freedom of movement, and the proximity of services, which facilitated independent mobility and unique experiences like running errands and cycling. An example of these memories is children's experience of cycling on the sloped alleys of the neighborhood, recalled as an exciting and memorable activity.ConclusionThis study aimed to investigate the characteristics of childhood neighborhoods based on the narratives of adults in Sanandaj. The results showed that neighborhoods played a prominent role in individuals' childhood memories, and the extracted model included 6 main categories: security, sensory richness, childhood home, mystery, walkability and cyclability, and compatibility with nature.. Among the frequently cited factors, parks and green spaces had a special place due to their connection with nature and creating pause. Also, the specific conditions of the land slope and the hill of Sanandaj had high effect on childhood memories. In examining the types of neighborhoods, 3 types of neighborhoods were identified: old, new, and residential complexes, among which the category of sensory richness was not observed in the residential complexes. The analyses show that old neighborhoods, with a stronger presence of children and rich sensory experiences, were more prominent than other neighborhoods. It is suggested that future research, considering local characteristics and culture, provide practical results for designing child-friendly cities and examine the relationship between childhood memories and children's current experience in more depth. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_725655.html Cities, as the largest biological complexes, are classified as dynamic, complex and multifaceted systems. On the one hand, these areas are exposed to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, plate movements and landslides, etc. which has affected the citizens with an increasing and alarming speed. On the other hand, we are witnessing the increasing number of problems such as the expansion of marginalization and the physical growth of cities, the increase in population and the imbalance and inconsistency with the constructions that have been formed and Unregulated exploitation of land resources, conflict of new management with traditional structure, weakness of laws and its shortcomings, social segregation and the existence of socio-spatial inequalities, air pollution, car traffic and many such cases. Dealing with natural hazards in cities, urban resilience and smartening of cities are suggested to overcome the created problems.The purpose of this research is to integrate the concepts of urban resilience and smart city and to introduce and identify the components, dimensions and characteristics of the new concept of smart resilient city.The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose, and a systematic review (systematic review) is used for the research strategy. In this research, in order to investigate and identify the history, goals, components and dimensions of the smart resilient city by searching in international scientific and research databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest, etc. Relevant and valid data have been collected to conduct the research.By examining the conducted researches, it is understood that in the world literature, the concepts of resilient city and smart city have been raised mainly in research and academic literature since the early 2010s, and after this period, various researches have been compiled alternately. Most of the researches that have been conducted in areas such as the definitions of these concepts, their dimensions, criteria and indicators and refer to the ranking of cities based on urban resilience and smart city indicators. Also, since 2015, these two concepts, i.e. urban resilience and smart city, have been examined together.The result of the research indicates that by examining the conducted research, it is understood that these two concepts are complementary to each other and can create synergy with each other.Cities, as the largest biological complexes, are classified as dynamic, complex and multifaceted systems. On the one hand, these areas are exposed to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, plate movements and landslides, etc. which has affected the citizens with an increasing and alarming speed. On the other hand, we are witnessing the increasing number of problems such as the expansion of marginalization and the physical growth of cities, the increase in population and the imbalance and inconsistency with the constructions that have been formed and Unregulated exploitation of land resources, conflict of new management with traditional structure, weakness of laws and its shortcomings, social segregation and the existence of socio-spatial inequalities, air pollution, car traffic and many such cases. Dealing with natural hazards in cities, urban resilience and smartening of cities are suggested to overcome the created problems.The purpose of this research is to integrate the concepts of urban resilience and smart city and to introduce and identify the components, dimensions and characteristics of the new concept of smart resilient city.The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose, and a systematic review (systematic review) is used for the research strategy. In this research, in order to investigate and identify the history, goals, components and dimensions of the smart resilient city by searching in international scientific and research databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest, etc. Relevant and valid data have been collected to conduct the research.By examining the conducted researches, it is understood that in the world literature, the concepts of resilient city and smart city have been raised mainly in research and academic literature since the early 2010s, and after this period, various researches have been compiled alternately. Most of the researches that have been conducted in areas such as the definitions of these concepts, their dimensions, criteria and indicators and refer to the ranking of cities based on urban resilience and smart city indicators. Also, since 2015, these two concepts, i.e. urban resilience and smart city, have been examined together.The result of the research indicates that by examining the conducted research, it is understood that these two concepts are complementary to each other and can create synergy with each other. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_725963.html IntroductionToday, in Tehran, challenges such as high population density, security in the city, crime and violence in urban spaces have become major problems. Which require innovative and sustainable solutions. Tehran, as one of the most populous metropolises in Iran, is facing rapid population growth and irregular urban expansion, which has led to an increase in social, security and environmental problems. In such circumstances, the smart city and attention to environmental sustainability can be considered as one of the best solutions to deal with these challenges. The increase in urban population and the expansion of public spaces in the metropolis of Tehran have highlighted the need for more detailed planning to deal with security and social challenges. Smart lighting in public spaces can significantly prevent nighttime crime. Also, smart surveillance in urban spaces reduces crime and violence in urban spaces. Therefore, it can be concluded that improving the environmental situation and paying attention to the needs of citizens in urban spaces and paying attention to them in the urban planning and design of the smart city of Tehran plays an important role in improving urban security and reducing crime and violence in urban spaces. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the reduction of crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran with a smart city approach. To achieve these goals, creating urban spaces with factors that can reduce crime and violence and improve the quality of citizen security in urban spaces is an inevitable necessity. Finally, this research can help urban managers and policymakers to provide more effective programs to improve urban security and reduce crime and violence in urban spaces in Tehran and other metropolises.Research MethodThe research method in this study will be descriptive-analytical and survey. Survey research was chosen because it requires collecting quantitative data from a specific statistical population (Tehran citizens) and analyzing the relationship between variables. In this way, the effects of smart cities on reducing crime and violence in urban spaces can be examined. The statistical population of this study includes the city of Tehran (9039,000). The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula, which was obtained for an urban study with a large population of 384 people. Sampling was carried out using a multi-stage cluster sampling method to accurately represent different urban areas of Tehran. The main data collection tool is a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire includes closed questions and was designed based on a Likert scale (7 options) to measure citizens' opinions on the effective components of smart cities in reducing crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran. The questionnaire consisted of several sections. Content validity was used for validity. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. CFA was used to verify the structure of the research conceptual model using Amos software. Next, multiple regression analysis was used to measure the impact of several independent variables (smart city in terms of urban security) on the dependent variable (reduction in crime and violence). This part of the analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. Finally, structural equation modeling was used to examine the causal relationships between the variables. Structural equation modeling was performed using the advanced statistical software Amos to analyze the complex direct and indirect effects between smart city components in terms of security in reducing crime and violence. Findings The results obtained in the research findings section show that among the 5 main factors and components effective in reducing crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran with the smart city approach as latent variables (security in public spaces, environmental design, warning systems and crisis management, improvement of urban infrastructure, and education and citizen participation in security), the security factor in urban spaces with a standardized factor loading of 0.82 has the greatest impact on reducing crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran with the smart city approach, and the least impact is related to the education and citizen participation in security factor with a standardized factor loading of 0.74. Among all the indicators studied, the smart lighting indicators with a standard factor loading of 0.87 and the smart surveillance index with a factor loading of 0.84 had the greatest impact compared to other indicators in reducing crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran, and access to security services with a standardized factor loading of 0.71 and public transportation management indicators with a standardized factor loading of 0.70 had the least impact in reducing crime and violence in urban spaces of Tehran. The results of the path analysis show that the security component in public spaces has the greatest impact in reducing crime and violence in the smart city of Tehran with a direct effect of 0.85, an indirect effect of 0.17, and the total effect of this component is 1.02, which indicates the important role of smart lighting and smart surveillance, police presence in increasing security. The presence of police in public spaces, by increasing deterrence and accelerating the response to crime, contributes significantly to improving public security. These factors together have caused this component to have the most important role in increasing urban security. After the security component in public spaces, the second most effective and important component in reducing crime and violence in Tehran's urban spaces is the environmental design component, which includes a direct effect of 0.82, an indirect effect of 0.14, and a total effect of 0.96. This component has a significant impact on reducing crime and violence by improving the design of public spaces, reducing blind spots, and improving pedestrian paths.ConclusionFinally, it can be said that key indicators such as smart lighting and smart surveillance have the greatest impact on improving the security of Tehran's urban spaces with a smart city approach and should be included in planning. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726766.html IntroductionThe global elderly population is rapidly increasing due to advancements in medicine and rising life expectancy. By 2050, nearly a quarter of the world’s population will be 65 or older. This demographic shift is associated with a rise in chronic illnesses, physical limitations, and functional impairments. As a result, the needs and expectations of older adults regarding aging and residential environments have evolved significantly. Many countries are now promoting home and community-based care models as a means to improve quality of life for the elderly while reducing healthcare expenditures. This transition is reflected in the concept of “aging in place,” which emphasizes older adults’ preference to remain in their own homes rather than relocating to institutional care settings. Aging in place is linked to the ability to maintain independence and live a thriving and highly qualitative life within an individual’s environment. It can therefore be fostered by designing environments that facilitate the mobility and engagement in social activities, which are important components for the health and quality of life of older adults. There is also an opportunity for countries to exploit existing and new assistive technologies, another pertinent facilitator of aging in place. Aging in place is defined as “remaining to live in the community rather than in residential care, with some level of independence (e.g., receiving help from family members or caregivers), but without the need to move away from the community”. Most older adults prefer to age in place because it fosters their independence and autonomy, and enables them to stay connected to their social circle, which can reduce social isolation and loneliness. Apart from being a preference of older adults, it is often also considered less costly than care in long-term care facilities such as nursing homes or other assisted living facilities. This study aims to explore scientific perspectives and approaches related to aging in place within residential environments. By reviewing academic literature and identifying research gaps, the study seeks to enhance the understanding of elderly needs and guide future investigations in this domain and the impact of this factor on the peace and safety of the elderly and, consequently, the mental health of households and, consequently, society.MethodologyThe study employs a systematic review of scholarly literature on aging in place, with a specific focus on how residential environments affect elderly well-being. Articles were collected from major databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, using a set of targeted key phrases to ensure comprehensive coverage. Selection criteria were applied based on language, document type, and research area. A structured search and filtering process was implemented to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles. Data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software to extract themes and insights, particularly regarding the role of housing design and physical space in supporting aging in place. This research did not limit the scope of aging in place to the architectural domain but also includes multidisciplinary findings. Furthermore, it explored scientific productivity and the intellectual collaborations of publications and researchers in the field of aging in place. Specifically, this study focuses on key aging in place concepts and presents a review of the theoretical and methodological trends.Results and discussionThe review highlights three primary themes dominating the literature on aging in place: (1) intrinsic characteristics of older adults, (2) spatial features of the home environment, and (3) interactions between individuals and their surroundings. Frequently used terms included "health," "needs," "design," "housing," and "support," which reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the field. These terms suggest that aging in place encompasses psychological, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. The findings also indicate a steady increase in scholarly interest since 1999, with accelerated growth in the past decade. Key journals contributing to the discourse include International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and Sustainability, which have featured multiple studies in this area. Geographically, most publications originate from Europe, Asia, and North America, with significant contributions from institutions such as the University of Adelaide and the University of Florida. These institutions have shaped the academic conversation on aging in place and have helped position it as a vital research topic in public health and urban planning.ConclusionThis review provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of aging in place and underscores the importance of residential environments in supporting the health and autonomy of older adults. The key themes identified in the analysis illustrate the complex interplay between personal attributes, such as health status and caregiving needs, and external factors like housing design and community support. The increase in research output from 1999 to 2024 reflects growing recognition of environmental adaptation's role in aging successfully. Moreover, the study emphasizes the value of qualitative research methods, such as interviews and field observations, in capturing the lived experiences of elderly individuals. The insights gained can guide the formulation of inclusive design principles, supportive policies, and targeted interventions. By further investigating the intersection of aging, space, and care systems, future research can contribute to creating environments that enable older adults to thrive while remaining in their preferred living settings. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726303.html Urban vulnerability has gained significant importance as a fundamental challenge in the modern era, especially when facing natural disasters and human threats. Civil defense, as a preventive approach, helps reduce urban vulnerability and preserve socio-economic security. This article aims to identify and cluster factors influencing the vulnerability of District 21 in Tehran Metropolis, using a civil defense approach and structural analysis. Theoretical data was collected through documentary methods, and empirical data was gathered using a survey-based Delphi technique. The statistical population consists of 30 experts and specialists in civil defense, selected via judgmental or purposeful sampling. This data was processed using structural cross-impact analysis in MICMAC software. Findings from the overall system environment analysis showed 259 relationships with a value of 3, meaning the key factors have numerous connections and significant influence and susceptibility. Other research results from cross-impact analysis indicate a complex and intertwined distribution of driving forces, characterized by both influence and susceptibility. The clustering system of factors shows a concentration in the dual factors area. Out of 37 studied factors, 13 key obstacles were identified: weakness in crisis management, economic instability, lack of public awareness of civil defense, political and social crises, dilapidation and indefensibility, weakness in urban design, social inequality, vulnerability of economic infrastructures, lack of investment in resilient infrastructures, lack of coordination among institutions, climate change, weakness in management systems, and poor participation culture. These forces play a role of high influence and low susceptibility in the system environment, aiming to reduce urban vulnerability in the studied area.Extended Abstract: IntroductionThe issue of vulnerability of urban infrastructure and the role of passive defense in dealing with this vulnerability is very important in Iranian cities, especially cities like Tehran. Urban infrastructures, which are part of the country's vital and sensitive infrastructures, are the main target of destruction and damage when faced with the dangers of war and natural disasters. In this situation, it seems necessary to carefully evaluate and investigate the role of passive defense requirements in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures. Considering the vital importance of these infrastructures for the stability and security of the country, any disruption in them can lead to urban paralysis and instability. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the role of passive defense in dealing with risks and reducing the vulnerability of these infrastructures. Due to the advances in technology and new equipment, the use of passive defense methods and tools can be used as an effective strategy in reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures.MethodologyThe current research, with a future-research approach, identifies the most important obstacles or challenges affecting the future state of vulnerability in the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach. In terms of practical purpose, this research is a combination of documentary and survey methods, and in terms of its nature, it is based on the new methods of future research, analytical and exploratory science, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. is Documentary study method and empirical data of survey method based on Delphi method have been used in preparation of the studied obstacles. To select the Delphi team, since the goal is not to generalize the results, a judgmental or purposeful sampling method was used. The selection criteria of experts and experts are theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness and ability to participate in research and access. The important point in determining the number of experts is to ensure the comprehensiveness of different perspectives in the research. Results and discussionThe results of this article showed that the general distribution pattern of vulnerability in terms of mutual effects analysis, in general, indicates the state of an unstable environmental system in which have a complex and intermediate state in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness. The state of clustering of obstacles is indicative of cluster concentration in the two-way part. Other findings of the research indicate that the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis is influenced by a set of economic, social, managerial and environmental obstacles, each of which somehow affects the resilience of this region. Among the 37 active forces, 13 variables had a greater impact on the future state of realization of the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran metropolis with a passive defense approach.ConclusionWeakness in crisis management, as one of the key obstacles affecting the vulnerability of the 21st district of Tehran, can have serious consequences when crises occur. This weakness is usually caused by the lack of comprehensive planning and lack of coordination between different institutions, which can lead to delays in responding to emergency situations. As a result, this can lead to increased human casualties and financial losses. To reduce vulnerability, there is a need to strengthen management systems and improve local communities in the field of crisis management. Economic instability as an important factor in the vulnerability of Tehran's 21st district can lead to a decrease in investments and demand in the labor market. This instability, especially in times of crisis, can affect the city's ability to provide essential services and infrastructure. FundingThe findings, in terms of the overall analysis of the system environment, showed that 259 relationships have the number 3, and this means that the relationships of key obstacles are very large and have great influence. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726370.html IntroductionHuman societies have always sought to confront both natural and man-made threats throughout history. In the present era, man-made threats, primarily military in nature, have led societies to establish preparedness for both military (active) and non-military (passive) defense. Iran has constantly faced threats from both regional and extra-regional adversaries. Despite these threats, enhancing the readiness of cities and citizens to face threats during crisis situations has not received adequate attention. One of the available opportunities in cities for facilitating crisis management is urban parks. If the principles of passive defense are observed, urban parks can not only serve their regular functions in peacetime, but also play a role in enhancing preparedness and educating citizens about the concepts and fundamentals of passive defense. In crisis situations, they can function as urban shelters, contributing to the protection of social assets. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a sample urban park in crisis situations based on the principles of passive defense, and it seeks to answer the following questions:• What characteristics of an urban park contribute to its response and the enhancement of social resilience in crisis situations?• How can the capabilities of existing urban parks be utilized to enhance the role of parks in crisis situations?• How can the weaknesses of urban parks in crisis situations be identified and addressed?In this study, an urban park with various strengths and weaknesses in responding to crisis situations was selected, and its performance was analyzed based on the principles of passive defense. The criteria derived from this section include passive defense education, security, multifunctional use, resilience and reinforcement, refugee accommodation, and crisis management systems.MethodologyThe research methodology employed in this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical and fieldwork approaches. In the first phase, evaluation criteria for urban parks based on passive defense objectives were identified and categorized through library research, including the review of documents, books, scholarly articles, and relevant research projects. The criteria were divided into components, and to assess their importance, a survey method using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the Likert scale was administered to urban passive defense experts and specialists. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by experts. To measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software, yielding a value of 0.939, indicating an excellent level of reliability. In the fieldwork phase, Vahdat Park in Mashhad was selected as the case study. Field observations were conducted to assess the park’s current condition and compare it with the extracted criteria. This process involved site visits, analysis of pathways, access points, the surrounding urban fabric, and the compatibility or incompatibility of adjacent land uses. Data collected from these observations were analyzed to evaluate the park’s alignment with passive defense goals, identifying areas of strength and weakness, and proposing solutions to enhance its compliance with passive defense principles.Results and discussionThe data obtained from the survey method, after being completed by experts and specialists, were entered into SPSS software by the authors and analyzed using the Friedman test. The P-Value for all criteria was less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference among the components affecting the evaluation of the passive defense park. This section examines the current status of Vahdat Park based on its adjacency, accessibility, land uses, and existing on-site spaces. The surrounding fabric of Vahdat Park primarily consists of residential, lodging, and commercial land uses. Additionally, specific land uses are observed in different zones around the park: in the northeastern area, educational facilities, including a high school and an elementary school; in the northwestern area, sports facilities, a fire station, and a police station; in the southern area, service facilities such as a CNG fuel distribution center; and in the southeastern area, healthcare facilities, including a hospital. The existing land uses within Vahdat Park include a cultural center, open sports fields, restrooms, utility facilities, an artificial lake, retail kiosks, administrative offices, an auditorium, a prayer room, a library, a women's park, an amusement park, and a parking.ConclusionThe findings indicate that enhancing the role of Vahdat Park in Mashhad as a passive defense park requires the following measures: leveraging its numerous educational and cultural spaces for passive defense training, improving security by increasing compatibility of adjacent areas, and enhancing legibility, sociability, and safety in furniture design. For multifunctional use, provisions for temporary clinics, improved pathways for aid delivery, and storage spaces for medical supplies are essential. Resilience and reinforcement during crisis requires shelters, redesigned protective furniture, blast-resistant windows, solar panels, emergency generators, and water purification systems. To accommodate refugees, the park must improve tent areas, provide covered shelters, portable baths, cooking facilities, and storage systems. Additionally, installing crisis management systems like CCTV and public announcement equipment is crucial.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_726416.html IntroductionTourism, as one of the world’s most dynamic and impactful industries, plays a central role in fostering economic, social, and cultural development by leveraging intrinsic values to promote environmental sustainability, cultural identity, employment opportunities, and reduced migration. Bushehr city, endowed with unique historical, cultural, and natural attractions—such as its centuries-old urban fabric, scenic Persian Gulf beaches, authentic indigenous music, diverse handicrafts, and vibrant border markets—holds substantial potential to become a prominent regional and even international tourism destination. However, challenges including insufficient accommodation and transportation infrastructure, weak digital marketing, and environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution have hindered the full utilization of these assets. This study aims to propose a sociological model for tourism development and formulate new regional development strategies for Bushehr by identifying key influencing factors and prioritizing actionable strategies. Utilizing a strategic management model, the research seeks to address how Bushehr’s cultural and natural advantages can be harnessed to foster sustainable tourism growth. With an emphasis on strategic planning, this study provides solutions to alleviate economic deprivation, strengthen the local economy, and enhance Bushehr’s position in the tourism industry.MethodologyThis applied research employed a descriptive-Delphi mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 experts, averaging 12.3 years of experience, selected through purposive and snowball sampling from a population of tourism professionals, managers, academics, and local activists in Bushehr until theoretical saturation was reached. Interview data were processed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. In the quantitative phase, a standardized 20-item questionnaire with a reliability of 0.89 (Cronbach’s alpha) was distributed among 40 experts. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and one-sample t-tests. The strategic management model comprised four key stages: 1) defining vision, mission, and quantitative and qualitative objectives, 2) analyzing internal factors with the IFE matrix and external factors with the EFE matrix, 3) formulating strategies using the SWOT matrix, and 4) prioritizing strategies with the QSPM matrix. Data collection adhered to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent and ensuring participant confidentiality. Tool validity was confirmed by three tourism academics, and inter-coder agreement (Cohen’s kappa: 0.82) indicated high reliability in qualitative analysis. This methodology facilitated a comprehensive analysis of tourism development factors and the formulation of data-driven operational strategies, enhancing result accuracy and validity through the integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches.FindingsQualitative findings revealed that Bushehr’s rich cultural heritage, historical attractions such as old mansions and traditional markets, and strategic geographic location along the Persian Gulf are key strengths for tourism development. However, deficiencies in accommodation infrastructure, such as hotels and eco-lodges, weak digital marketing, particularly on virtual platforms, and inadequate public transportation systems were identified as primary challenges. The EFE matrix highlighted Persian Gulf coastal attractions and growing domestic tourism demand as key opportunities, while climate change and increasing competition from other destinations were noted as major threats. Total EFE (2.99) and IFE (3.03) scores confirmed Bushehr’s relatively favorable position. Quantitative analysis using one-sample t-tests indicated that the cultural dimension was the most critical, with a mean of 4.35 (t=6.87, p=0.000), underscoring its pivotal role in attracting tourists. This was followed by the economic (mean: 4.10), social (mean: 3.85), and environmental (mean: 3.55) dimensions. A higher standard deviation in the environmental dimension (0.75) suggested diverse expert opinions, likely due to concerns about coastal pollution and climate change impacts. The SWOT matrix prioritized SO (cultural tourism development focusing on historical sites and indigenous music) and ST (reducing competition through local culture and cuisine) strategies. The QSPM matrix assigned the highest attractiveness scores to ST1 (3.87) and SO1 (3.76), with WO1 (improving accommodation infrastructure with government support) scoring 3.36. Frequency distribution of questionnaire responses showed strong support for enhancing local culture (55% strongly agree) and developing infrastructure (32% strongly agree), while environmental protection (30% neutral) required further attention. These findings emphasize the central role of cultural heritage as a competitive advantage and the urgent need to address infrastructure deficiencies and environmental threats for sustainable tourism development in Bushehr, aligning with related domestic and international studies.ConclusionThis study developed a sociological model for tourism development in Bushehr, emphasizing the enhancement of cultural heritage, improvement of accommodation and transportation infrastructure, and increased regional competitiveness through leveraging local culture. Strategies focusing on cultural tourism development and reducing competition using Bushehr’s unique attributes were prioritized, while managing environmental threats like climate change and coastal pollution was deemed essential. It is recommended that Bushehr’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization focus on revitalizing historical sites, strengthening digital marketing through virtual platforms, and implementing environmental protection programs to preserve coastlines, positioning Bushehr as a competitive tourism destination. This model can reduce economic deprivation, create employment opportunities, and bolster the local economy. Future studies could explore the impact of emerging technologies, such as virtual tourism, and local community empowerment through training to refine this framework, contributing to sustainable, long-term tourism development in Bushehr. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_729253.html Eco-regionalism1, as a new approach in sustainable architecture, emphasizes the coordination of design with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a region. This research aims to provide a conceptual model for implementing the principles of eco-regionalism in sustainable design in the city of Birjand. Birjand, as a city with a hot and dry climate, provides unique opportunities to examine this approach. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including the analysis of expert opinions, the review of case studies, and the evaluation of climatic and cultural data, to identify the key characteristics of eco-regionalism. The results of the research show that the use of local materials, the use of natural ventilation, water conservation through rainwater collection and the use of gray water, and the design of central courtyard houses are among the effective strategies in this approach. These strategies not only reduce energy and water consumption, but also correspond to the culture and needs of the local community. Furthermore, the examination of case studies such as the ancient city of Hadasar, Shabam in Yemen, and the village of Masouleh demonstrate the successful application of eco-regional principles in similar climates. This research suggests that by incorporating these principles into the urban design and architecture of Birjand, sustainable settlement patterns can be achieved that are both environmentally and culturally efficient. Ultimately, this conceptual model can be used as a guide for other cities with hot and dry climates and contribute to sustainable urban development.IntroductionThe escalating global challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and urbanization have underscored the urgent need for sustainable architectural practices. Eco-regionalism, a contemporary approach in sustainable architecture, advocates for designs that harmonize with the ecological, climatic, and cultural characteristics of a specific region. This study focuses on Birjand, a city in South Khorasan, Iran, characterized by a hot-arid climate and a rich cultural heritage rooted in traditional Persian architecture. The primary objective is to develop a conceptual model for implementing eco-regionalism principles in sustainable architectural and urban design, tailored to Birjand’s unique environmental and cultural context. By integrating local materials, passive design strategies, and culturally resonant solutions, this research aims to address the environmental challenges of hot-arid regions while preserving Birjand’s architectural identity. The significance of this study lies in its potential to offer a replicable framework for sustainable urban development in similar climatic zones, contributing to global efforts toward environmental resilience and cultural preservation in architecture.MethodologyThis research employs a mixed-methods approach, blending qualitative and quantitative methodologies to ensure a robust analysis of eco-regionalism in Birjand. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with architects, urban planners, and environmental experts knowledgeable about Birjand’s architectural and climatic conditions. A comparative analysis of case studies from other hot-arid regions, such as Ghadames (Libya), Shibam (Yemen), and Masouleh (Iran), was conducted to identify best practices in eco-regional design. Quantitative data, including climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, solar radiation) and resource availability (local materials, water resources), were sourced from regional meteorological records, municipal archives, and environmental databases. The study also included an extensive literature review of eco-regionalism principles, focusing on sustainable material use, passive cooling techniques, water management strategies, and cultural integration in architecture. These data were synthesized to formulate a conceptual model that balances ecological efficiency with cultural and economic feasibility, ensuring applicability to Birjand and similar contexts.Results and discussionThe findings indicate that eco-regionalism in Birjand can be effectively implemented through a synergy of traditional and modern sustainable strategies. The use of locally sourced materials, such as adobe and brick, was identified as a cornerstone of eco-regional design due to their low embodied energy and excellent thermal mass properties, which mitigate extreme temperature fluctuations in hot-arid climates. Passive design techniques, including courtyard houses, narrow shaded streets, and windcatchers (badgirs), were found to enhance thermal comfort, significantly reducing reliance on energy-intensive mechanical cooling systems. Water conservation strategies, such as rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling, address Birjand’s critical water scarcity, aligning with sustainable development principles. The comparative analysis of case studies revealed that similar strategies have been successfully applied in other hot-arid regions. For example, Shibam’s mud-brick towers utilize thermal mass and natural ventilation, while Masouleh’s terraced architecture optimizes land use and microclimate. These findings validate the proposed strategies for Birjand, where courtyard houses and shaded pathways resonate with historical architectural practices, fostering community acceptance. However, challenges include the higher initial costs of eco-friendly materials and the need for specialized training in sustainable design techniques. Additionally, the integration of cultural elements, such as traditional spatial configurations, enhances the social sustainability of the proposed model by aligning with local values and lifestyles. The study underscores that eco-regionalism not only reduces environmental impact but also strengthens cultural identity, making it a viable approach for sustainable urban development in Birjand.ConclusionThis research proposes a comprehensive conceptual model for eco-regionalism in Birjand, integrating local materials, passive design techniques, water conservation strategies, and cultural considerations to achieve sustainable architecture. The model emphasizes a balance between environmental performance, cultural resonance, and economic viability, offering a blueprint for sustainable urban development in hot-arid climates. By drawing on traditional Persian architectural knowledge and modern sustainable practices, the framework reduces energy and water consumption while preserving Birjand’s cultural heritage. The model’s applicability extends beyond Birjand, providing a scalable approach for other cities with similar climatic and cultural contexts. Future research should focus on overcoming implementation barriers, such as cost optimization, scalability of local material production, and training programs for architects and builders to facilitate widespread adoption. Additionally, longitudinal studies could assess the long-term environmental and social impacts of eco-regional designs in Birjand, further refining the proposed model. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732105.html IntroductionOffice buildings concentrate occupants, services, and value-dense assets, making them priority targets for risk reduction under multi-hazard conditions. Materials and envelope systems decisively shape blast and fire consequences, out-of-plane wall response under shaking, and the ease of post-event clearance and repair. This study develops a rapid, material-centric, scenario-based evaluation framework for office buildings. Unlike case-specific assessments, the approach generalizes findings by integrating expert judgment with multi-criteria analysis and calibrating priorities to the prevailing context (scenarios), thereby producing actionable, defensible rankings without relying on a single project.MethodologyEight criteria were defined to appraise material and component choices in office buildings: (C1) blast-effect reduction, (C2) fire resistance, (C3) seismic performance, (C4) debris-removal facilitation, (C5) repairability, (C6) construction speed, (C7) execution complexity, and (C8) cost. Criterion weights were derived using SWARA, and indicator/option scores under each criterion were elicited via SMART on a 1–9 semantic scale (poor–excellent). Data were gathered from 15 domain experts (structural/architectural design, façade engineering, HSE/civil defense, and urban crisis management) through a staged survey with content validation, consistency checks, and sensitivity analysis. To reflect context dependence, a scenario calibration layer was applied to the SWARA weights: four complementary scenarios were analyzed—blast-focused (S1), fire-focused (S2), operations-focused (S3: speed/ complexity/ cost/ debris/ repair), and seismic-focused (S4)—by proportionally emphasizing the relevant criterion(-ia) and renormalizing before aggregating SMART scores to final rankings.Results and discussionBaseline SWARA prioritization shows blast mitigation carries the highest weight (0.2531), followed by fire resistance (0.1947), seismic performance (0.1693), debris removal (0.1254), cost (0.0963), repairability (0.0689), construction speed (0.0530), and execution complexity (0.0393). At the indicator level, glazing ranks first within blast mitigation; interior finishes dominate fire resistance; and the type of structural system leads complexity, speed, and cost. Overall material weight (light-/heavy-weight) is the top indicator for debris removal and consistently prevails alongside seismic and repairability considerations. Scenario analysis reveals a stable decision core across contexts: the structural system and exterior walls remain among the top drivers in all four scenarios. Emphasis shifts then lift specific levers: in S1 (blast), exterior walls, structural system, and glazing become most influential, highlighting continuous anchorage, out-of-plane restraint, laminated glazing, and robust façade attachments; in S2 (fire), exterior walls, structural system, and façade materials dominate, underscoring low-flame-spread surfaces, smoke-control layers, and structural fire protection; in S3 (operations) and S4 (seismic), material weight consistently enters the top tier with the structural system and exterior walls, indicating the cross-cutting benefits of light-weighting for faster execution, easier debris handling and repair, and lower seismic demand. These results clarify trade-offs between safety, constructability, and recovery, and provide transparent rankings that can guide budget allocation under different hazard and operational emphases.ConclusionThe proposed SWARA–SMART, scenario-calibrated framework offers a transparent and rapid pathway to prioritize materials and components in office buildings under multi-hazard constraints. By revealing a robust core (structural system + exterior walls) and scenario-specific levers (glazing/façade under blast/fire; light-weighting under operations/ seismic), the method enables targeted investment without dependence on a single case study. The framework is readily transferable to similar projects by reusing the criteria set and scoring protocol and can be extended with uncertainty treatment and performance-based testing in future applications. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_727392.html IntroductionEvery urban space, including historical fabrics, due to their potential and identity value, must be resilient, and the vulnerability of such spaces should be minimized. To achieve the objectives of passive defense in cities and their valuable textures, such as historical fabrics considered as city assets, reducing vulnerability and risk should be addressed through urban planning and design strategies. These include respecting adjacency principles, enabling emergency evacuation, establishing temporary shelter centers, storage centers for essential supplies, fostering a sense of belonging among residents, appropriate dispersal and distribution of key land uses, as well as access and buffer zones.The historical fabric of Khoy city includes the traditional market, Matlabkhan Mosque, Seyyed al-Shohada Mosque, Sangy Gate, and others, located in the central core of the city, which also lies within the worn-out urban fabric. Due to its historical values and tourist attraction, Khoy city holds significant importance from the perspective of passive defense and resilience. Therefore, safety and security studies of Khoy’s historical texture must be conducted to identify areas with high vulnerability and risk, and ultimately to derive urban planning and design solutions to enhance the resilience of its historical fabric.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of its objective and employs a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of method. Initially, through library and documentary studies—such as reviewing relevant literature, previous research, and expert theories in the field—the key assets and their probable threats in the study sample were identified. For data analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model (used for weighting evaluation criteria of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities) and the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) model (used for risk assessment) were employed.Experts in the field of architecture and urban planning and passive defense were identified in consultation with academic supervisors. A total of 30 experts were selected as the statistical population for completing the questionnaire using a census method. From these, 28 individuals responded and were considered as the sample size based on Cochran’s formula.The risk formula used in this study is as follows:Risk = Asset Value × Threat Level × Vulnerability LevelResults and discussionIdentification and Evaluation of Key AssetsIn the first stage, key assets of the fabric were identified through the expert community and field visits, followed by valuation. The results indicate that among the historical assets of Khoy, the Traditional Market scored 7.7, Qamar Bani Hashim Hospital 7.62, Tax Administration Building 6.2, Registry Office Building 16.6, and the Central Square (Imam Square, Central Crossroad) 5.88, having the highest values.Identification and Evaluation of Threats to Key AssetsIn the second stage, threats to key assets were evaluated via expert community assessments and questionnaires. The results show that the most probable threats to Khoy’s historical fabric assets include sabotage and intentional destruction, arson, aerial attacks, riots, and psychological operations.Assessment of Vulnerability of Key Assets to Threat OccurrenceIn the third stage, vulnerability resulting from threats to key assets was assessed through expert surveys and questionnaires. Findings reveal that the highest vulnerability of Khoy’s historical assets is against aerial (missile) attacks, ground assaults (artillery, mortars, etc.), terrorist attacks (car bombings), espionage and human infiltration, as well as riots and psychological operations.Risk Assessment of Key Assets Against ThreatsIn the fourth stage, the risk resulting from threats to key assets was evaluated through expert community assessments and questionnaires. The cumulative highest risks were assigned to the Post Office, Khoy Traditional Market, National Bank Central Branch of Khoy, Registry Office Building, former Telecommunications Building, Central Square (Imam Square), Tax Administration Building, Police Station No. 1 (former Shahrebani), Amir Kabir Passage, Khan Caravanserai, Old Municipality Building, Mostazafan Passage, Eghtesab Passage, Khosravi School, Khoy Museum and Old Library Building, and Ettehad Passage, respectively.ConclusionIn the present study, the risk of key assets in the historical fabric of Khoy city was evaluated using the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) method. The risk assessment was conducted in three stages: asset identification, threat analysis, and vulnerability evaluation. In each of these stages, asset, threat, and vulnerability maps were produced within a GIS software environment.In the asset identification phase, 16 key assets were identified based on expert opinions and subsequently evaluated using criteria approved by the Passive Defense Organization. Following this, the threats, vulnerabilities, and risk levels of each key asset in the fabric were calculated.Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to reduce the risk in the historical fabric:• Locating and designing multi-purpose safe spaces (multi-purpose emergency shelters) within the fabric, preferably adjacent to main roads.• Avoiding the introduction of new land uses with vital importance inside the fabric.• Locating temporary shelter centers within the fabric, such as green spaces, sports complexes, religious, and educational facilities.• Considering small emergency units, such as fire stations, in the central part of the fabric.• Creating and organizing a street network that facilitates rapid evacuation and emergency response inside the fabric.• Increasing permeability in high-traffic areas of the fabric’s key centers.• Designating special routes for emergency vehicles at the main square of the fabric.• Planning alternative routes for paths prone to blockage.• Widening narrow main streets inside the fabric to allow the passage of emergency vehicles.• Maintaining a 300-meter buffer zone around hazardous land uses (those with potential for explosion, fire, or toxic emissions) relative to key assets inside the fabric (corresponding to the blast radius of a 2000-pound TNT bomb).• Relocating military land uses (excluding law enforcement such as police stations) outside the fabric. Vacated military sites should be repurposed as brownfields to address crisis management service shortages in the fabric.• Reducing obstruction, especially in the traditional market.• Educating residents of the fabric on necessary actions during crises, including engaging market merchants through building trust with the Cultural Heritage Organization of the city.• Reducing activity density in highly congested centers, with emphasis on the core of the fabric. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728076.html The undeniable influence of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of structures, along with the increasing importance of explosive loads in the current global security context, has led to the modeling and sensitivity analysis of the effects of distance and explosive loads on concrete structures. In this study, three types of structures with 3, 7 and 15 stories were investigated. ETABS and ABAQUS software were used, with ETABS for the design of structural elements and ABAQUS for the analysis of soil-structure interaction effects. The results showed that increasing the distance of the explosion from the structure significantly reduces the force generated by the explosion, while increasing the weight of the explosive materials increases the applied force. However, the effect of distance is more pronounced compared to variations in TNT weight. The input energy and the induced displacements in the structures showed a significant correlation with the blast force. In all three structures studied, increasing the distance or decreasing the weight of the explosives resulted in reduced energy and displacement. In addition, increasing the number of stories significantly increased the displacements, with the 15-story structure experiencing greater displacement and energy absorption compared to the other structures. The damage pattern also varied; for example, in the 3-story structure, damage was observed primarily in the upper floors, in the 7-story structure, in the middle floors, and in the 15-story structure, in the lower floors. Maximum displacement occurred in the upper floors of the 3-story structure, the middle floors of the 7-story structure, and the lower floors of the 15-story structure. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant relationship between input energy, induced displacements, and explosive force in all three structures. The samples investigated in this study include three concrete medium moment frame structures: low-rise (3-story), mid-rise (7-story), and high-rise (15-story), under different conditions with and without consideration of soil-structure interaction. In order to evaluate the effect of soil-structure interaction on the behavior of concrete frames according to seismic regulations, three models were designed and categorized into 3, 7, and 15-story groups. Each of these three groups was analyzed and designed as a three-dimensional model using Etabs software. The distance between the explosion and the structure significantly affects the magnitude of the applied force, with the force decreasing sharply as the distance increases. The table below shows models S1 through S7 and the distances of a 100-kilogram explosive from the structure. The results of the analysis of models S1 through S7 are presented and discussed. In these models, the impact of a 100-kilogram TNT explosion on the middle floor of a 7-story building is applied at various distances between the center of the explosion and the building. It is observed that increasing the explosion distance significantly reduces the resulting displacement, with a particularly sharp decrease. It is also evident that increasing the blast distance beyond 1 meter results in a dramatic reduction in the stress exerted on the structure. Then, one frame of the designed models was simulated in ABAQUS software and its performance under two conditions-with and without soil-structure interaction-was evaluated by comparing parameters such as maximum roof displacement, bearing capacity, and stress among the models. Urban development is increasing construction demand due to limited space and high costs. High-rise buildings are popular due to hard-soiled sites, which constitute a significant portion of existing structures. Iran's location necessitates consideration of all possible scenarios. This article begins with an introduction to concrete moment frames on hard soils, including explosive loading. The second section discusses previous research and the theoretical foundations of methods for analyzing these systems. The third section presents the finite element method, ABAQUS software, and response validation. The fourth section discusses the results of designing and analyzing finite element models of 3-, 7-, and 15-story structures against explosion loads. This section ends with general findings and recommendations for future research. The main findings of this research can be summarized as follows: Increasing the number of stories results in significantly larger displacements, with the 15-story structure exhibiting more displacement and energy absorption than the other structures. The blast load spectrum is applied to the structure in two phases: compression and tension. Although the absolute magnitude of the tensile force in the blast spectrum is much smaller than the force in the initial compression phase, it is observed that after the completion of the compression phase, significant damage occurs during the reverse pressure phenomenon in the blast. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728169.html Analysis of the Impact of Double-Skin Facade Materials on Energy Optimization in Solar Residential Buildings Designed for Cold Mountainous ClimatesThis research investigates the impact of double-skin facade (DSF) materials on optimizing energy consumption in solar residential buildings situated in cold mountainous climates. Given the climatic challenges of these regions, such as low temperatures and cold winds, the application of DSF systems is gaining attention as a sustainable strategy to reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal comfort. This study addresses how the selection of appropriate materials within DSFs can contribute to minimizing energy use and improving the thermal performance of buildings in this specific climate.A primary challenge in residential buildings within cold mountainous areas is the high energy consumption driven by the constant need for heating. Building envelopes designed without considering climatic architectural principles often lead to increased energy loss and reduced heating system efficiency. Consequently, optimizing facade design and utilizing appropriate building materials for exterior envelopes can significantly decrease energy demand. The DSF system, as an efficient sustainable design solution, facilitates a better balance between heat gain and loss. However, a comprehensive understanding of how different materials used within this system impact energy reduction specifically in cold mountainous climates is lacking, underscoring the need for this investigation.The primary objective of this research is to examine the influence of materials used in DSFs on reducing energy consumption in solar residential buildings designed for cold mountainous climates. The study aims to provide scientifically-backed recommendations for selecting optimal materials for double-skin envelopes to achieve energy savings while ensuring occupant thermal comfort . Key research questions explored include: What passive design strategies can enhance the thermal performance of residential buildings in cold mountainous climates? Which materials are most suitable for DSFs to minimize winter heat loss while preventing summer overheating? How can building orientation and form be optimized to mitigate negative effects of cold winter winds and reduce urban heat island effects in summer? What is the typical energy consumption pattern in conventional residential buildings in these areas, and how can DSF implementation optimize it?The methodology employs energy simulation using specialized software, namely EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Key variables analyzed include the properties of DSF materials (type, thickness, structure, thermal absorptivity/emissivity), building orientation, solar radiation levels, and specific climatic conditions. These factors were assessed for their impact on building energy consumption and internal thermal comfort conditions. Additionally, the performance of four distinct double-glazed window types (standard double-glazing, double-glazing with 4mm and 6mm panes, vertical shaft window, and an integrated window system) was evaluated using the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) thermal comfort index and heat exchange rate analysis Simulation results demonstrate that buildings incorporating DSFs exhibit lower energy consumption compared to conventional buildings. The extent of energy reduction is contingent upon the specific materials employed in the facade layers and the overall system design. The findings indicate that strategic material selection can effectively control heat exchange between the interior and exterior environments, thereby reducing the need for heating in winter and cooling in summer. Buildings utilizing DSFs showed a marked reduction in heating demand while simultaneously improving thermal comfort conditions .In essence, the DSF system contributes to reduced heating loads during winter and helps regulate internal temperatures during summer. The choice of materials and meticulous design significantly influence its optimal performance. These findings align with previous research, confirming the potential effectiveness of DSFs as a sustainable solution in cold climates. Research limitations include potential constraints in simulation data availability and the inherent accuracy limitations of software models .The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights for architects and designers aiming to optimize energy performance and create sustainable buildings in challenging climates. Utilizing optimal materials within DSFs can substantially decrease energy consumption in residential buildings located in cold mountainous regions. Specifically, materials possessing high thermal insulation properties and appropriate solar energy absorption capabilities demonstrate the greatest potential for minimizing winter heat loss and preventing excessive indoor temperature increases in summer. Furthermore, optimizing building orientation and integrating natural ventilation strategies can further enhance thermal performance. It is concluded that DSF implementation plays a significant role in energy reduction and thermal comfort improvement. Further research focusing on optimizing the thickness and combination of materials within DSFs is recommended. Architects designing solar buildings for cold climates are strongly encouraged to consider the integration of double-skin facades . https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_728178.html Port resilience to various threats such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, supply chain disruptions, and cyberattacks depends on effective passive defense strategies. These strategies include strengthening infrastructure with disaster-resistant design, establishing early warning systems and crisis management plans, training and preparing personnel, diversifying supply sources and logistics chains, and deploying advanced security systems to counter cyber and terrorist attacks. Disruptive events are increasingly challenging the operations and infrastructure of ports around the world, emphasizing the need for resilience programs to maintain operational continuity during crises. Passive defense, as a preparedness to deal with various natural and unnatural disasters and accidents, is an approach that can enhance port resilience. The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience with respect to the passive defense approach. In this regard, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been used to achieve the aforementioned goal, and to demonstrate its effectiveness, a case study for Chabahar Port, as a sensitive port in the country, focusing on various stakeholders, has been presented. The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port include flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest ranking of sub-drivers are respectively related to the crisis management group from the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy from the main driver of redundancy. These results provide practical and applicable implications for specific port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies.Extended Abstract: Introduction, The maritime supply chain is crucial for international trade, with approximately 80% of global transport handled by sea. However, this chain has become increasingly vulnerable due to the high interdependence among stakeholders. Within the chain, ports serve as essential components that link maritime and inland operations. Nevertheless, port operations are prone to damage from human activities, natural events, or disasters. Therefore, any disruption in port operations can lead to severe socio-economic crises and affect stakeholders. In this context, key drivers and strategies that enhance resilience are vital for the efficient development of port operations. Furthermore, prioritizing these factors and comprehensively understanding their complex relationships is of utmost importance. Allocating resources during a crisis is crucial, as sudden resource shortages can create problems with the necessary capacity in terms of expertise, space, and available financial resources. Achieving resilience in a system necessitates prioritizing factors that positively influence resilience by creating a hierarchical structure.Methodology,The aim of this paper is to identify and explain the drivers of resilience regarding the passive defense approach. In this context, the DEMATEL multi-criteria decision-making method has been employed to achieve the stated goal and to demonstrate its effectiveness. A case study of Chabahar Port, a sensitive port in the country, is presented with a focus on various stakeholders. The primary objective of this method is to identify the most critical relationships between variables and to construct an access and antecedent matrix. It is important to note that this matrix will be used as input for further assessments.Results and discussion, The location of ports along the coastline exposes them to direct threats and enemy naval attacks. Therefore, the development of the country's ports, which is crucial for urban and economic development, requires passive defense measures to reduce the vulnerability of these vital centers and prevent any interruptions to the country's economic cycle in the event of threats. Passive defense methods in ports have been considered at different times based on available resources and needs, proving effective in their respective contexts. These defensive measures are vital and necessary to protect ports, especially those that are sensitive, vital, and strategic. The study conducted on Chabahar Port, which is the only sensitive port in the country, indicates that the driver of "communications and chain of contacts" has the highest impact, while the driver of "crisis management teams" also demonstrates significant influence. Furthermore, the drivers of "crisis management teams" and "communications and chain of contacts" have the highest interaction with other sub-drivers, whereas the drivers of "redundancy of energy resources and redundancy of critical work equipment" show the lowest interaction. The analysis of the importance and impact of the main drivers at this port reveals that flexibility ranks the highest and information security ranks the lowest.Conclusion, The findings show that the highest and lowest rankings of the main drivers of resilience in Chabahar Port are flexibility and information security, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest rankings of the sub-drivers are related to the crisis management group of the main driver of agility and energy resource redundancy of the main driver of redundancy, respectively. These results provide practical and applied implications for port operations and provide a clear path for implementing resilience strategies.Keywords: Resilience, DEMATEL, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Sensitive Ports, Port Operations. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_729299.html IntroductionExposure to stress and its resulting harm is the most important factor in the increase in mental disorders (Streit et al., 2014: 352). Exposure to greater stress can be a factor or the main background for the spread of stress-related mental illnesses in cities (Adli et al., 2016: 72), (Kennedy & Adolphs, 2011: 452), (Wandersman & Nation, 1998: 651). Stress is one of the most pervasive aspects of modern life that has many consequences, including physical and mental harm, social harm, and aggressive reactions, etc. (Kermi et al., 2008: 92). In fact, stress can increase the risk of burnout, emotional exhaustion, cardiovascular diseases, digestive disorders, blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and dementia (Schaupp et al., 2024: 2). For this reason, the current century has been called the century of communication management, stress, anxiety, and neurocognitive disorders (Zarei and Naghizadeh, 2013: 1). Stress is a psychological issue that has attracted the attention of scientists from various fields, including doctors, psychologists, physiologists, biologists, and sociologists (Khodayarifard and Parand, 2007: 90). Urban planning, as a field that is related to all areas related to humans and their environment, must definitely consider the area of human health, especially mental health and stress (Ghaffarian Shoa'i, 2014: 4). However, not enough research has been conducted in this field so far. Of course, a number of domestic studies in the interdisciplinary fields of architecture, sociology, urban planning, psychology, etc. have examined this issue and its very related peripheral issues with different approaches. However, there is no study that answers the question "How have domestic studies studied the link between stress and the city?"The prerequisite for starting any research work is to review previous studies to identify study gaps and strengths and weaknesses in that field. For this purpose, this research attempts to review domestic studies in the field of urban stress with an interdisciplinary approach and take a step towards advancing knowledge in this research field.MethodologyThe research method in this study is a review, and previous studies were identified and screened in several stages using the narrative review method, then these studies were reviewed and study gaps were identified using content analysis. Results and discussionThe findings of this study show that domestic researchers consider urban stress to be mostly caused by social, physical, environmental, use and activity indicators, transportation, individual characteristics, housing, cultural-political, and economic. Also, the indicators of noise pollution, balance in population density (crowdedness-seclusion), security, landscape pollution (visual), amount of green space, appropriate light contrast during the day and night, air pollution, temperature and thermal comfort, environmental control and prediction, sensory overload (intensity of nervous stimulation and stimuli), contact with nature, traffic, quality of walking facilities, safety, social support, sense of belonging, mix of uses, access to spaces that enhance physical activity, number of floors and high-rise buildings, condition of furniture and urban facilities in streets and open spaces, condition of public transportation, light pollution, social interactions, access to resources and services, building density, degree of wear and tear of the fabric and resistance and life of buildings, physical and visual permeability of the fabric, quality of passages, ease of urban mobility, privacy and personal territory for individuals, violence and anger, crime and misdeeds, identity and rent, land and housing prices, respectively, are the most frequently mentioned indicators in previous studies.ConclusionAs a result, no domestic research has been conducted in the field of urban planning to examine urban stress by combining planning and design approaches and to provide a comprehensive perspective on the field of stress-therapeutic urban planning. In fact, the studies conducted have often either examined stress-therapeutic urban planning or redesigned part of the environment based on reducing people's perceived stress. The methods of collecting information in these studies are also often questionnaires and field studies. Of course, because people are often not honest about stress and psychological issues in entering information into questionnaires, it seems that the application of other modern methods in this field can be very effective. Also, examining this issue in different study samples such as urban streets, neighborhoods, cities, urban squares, urban areas, urban parks and green spaces, urban areas, urban textures, etc. can identify the hidden aspects of this issue.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_729542.html IntroductionIn Iran’s tense geopolitical context, where regional security challenges continue to shape national planning priorities, the vulnerability of urban assets has become a central concern for policy-makers and urban planners. The experience of the 12-day Iran–Israel war objectively revealed the fragility of critical and sensitive urban centers, highlighting how urban infrastructures, buildings, and essential facilities can quickly become targets or sources of risk. This episode not only demonstrated the material vulnerability of built environments but also emphasized the absence of a systematic framework for anticipating such risks within the existing urban planning system. Among the wide range of shortcomings, the lack of clear, localized, and comprehensive regulations for controlling building heights and mitigating visual dominance stands out as one of the most pressing gaps. In dense urban fabrics, tall buildings can compromise security, surveillance, and defensive preparedness, while at the same time intensifying the exposure of sensitive areas. These issues underline the growing necessity of embedding passive defense principles into the mainstream of urban planning and design.The aim of this study was to design a policy-oriented and implementable framework for regulating building heights around sensitive and critical urban centers with a passive defense perspective. By combining qualitative analysis with policy insights, the study sought to bridge the gap between theoretical principles of passive defense and the operational realities of urban planning regulations. More specifically, the research addressed the need for a localized regulatory system that could strengthen urban resilience, minimize vulnerabilities, and provide a practical mechanism for decision-makers to manage building forms and their spatial implications in high-risk urban contexts.MethodologyThe research adopted a qualitative methodological orientation grounded in a deductive and realist thematic analysis. This choice reflected the dual need to respect the complexity of security-oriented urban planning and to provide a systematic framework for policy translation. Data collection relied on 15 semi-structured interviews conducted with experts spanning the fields of architecture, urban planning, crisis management, and policy-making. These participants were carefully selected to ensure that both technical and policy perspectives were incorporated into the analysis, thus reinforcing the comprehensiveness and credibility of the findings.The analysis proceeded through multiple coding stages. Using thematic coding techniques, the qualitative data were first broken down into discrete meaning units and conceptual expressions. Through this process, the research identified 33 key concepts which encapsulated the main ideas emerging from expert insights. These concepts were then systematically grouped and refined into 7 core categories. The thematic structure ensured that the categories were not merely descriptive but also analytically aligned with the study’s broader aim of designing an actionable framework.To ensure robustness and avoid the risk of subjective interpretation, the study employed rigorous cross-checking of codes and categories, with iterative refinement at each stage of the analysis. Additionally, quantitative validation techniques were applied to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs developed during coding. The combined qualitative and quantitative approach thus strengthened both the interpretive depth and the empirical credibility of the study.Results and discussionThe study revealed that effective height regulation in passive defense is inherently multi-dimensional and cannot be reduced to simple numerical limits. Instead, it requires an integrated framework that combines legal, design, and socio-economic measures. Key findings highlight the necessity of multi-level policymaking, clear property rights, and the establishment of buffer layers around sensitive assets. Furthermore, controlling visual dominance proved crucial, as uncontrolled sightlines toward critical facilities were consistently identified as a major risk factor. To ensure feasibility, the study stressed the role of compensatory mechanisms and incentives such as tax relief or development rights transfers, which help balance public security needs with private ownership rights.The quantitative validation confirmed the reliability of the categories and underscored the significant influence of visual dominance control on resilience during real conflict scenarios, such as the 12-day war. Overall, the findings demonstrate that passive defense regulations must be embedded within a strategic governance framework, ensuring coherence across levels of authority while enhancing urban resilience and security.ConclusionThis study developed a strategic and policy-oriented framework that connects passive defense principles with the urban regulatory system. By combining qualitative thematic analysis with quantitative validation, the research offered both theoretical depth and empirical robustness. The framework identifies the need for coordinated multi-level policymaking, legal clarity regarding property rights, the establishment of buffer layers, control of visual dominance, and the implementation of compensatory mechanisms. Together, these elements constitute a holistic system for regulating building heights around sensitive and critical urban centers.In practical terms, the framework enhances physical security, reduces vulnerability, and strengthens spatial governance in high-risk contexts. The findings highlight that passive defense is not solely a matter of technical design but also of political negotiation, legal precision, and socio-economic balance. The contribution of this study lies in its ability to translate the lessons of the 12-day war and broader geopolitical realities into actionable urban regulations.By doing so, it advances the agenda of urban resilience in Iran and provides a replicable model for other regions facing similar threats. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that embedding passive defense considerations into urban planning is both feasible and necessary for the protection of critical assets and the sustainable management of urban spaces in volatile geopolitical environments. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_730283.html IntroductionDesign thinking, as conceptualized by Simon (1973) and elaborated by Dorst and Cross (2001), represents a dynamic, human-centered approach to problem-solving that integrates creativity, empathy, and iterative processes to tackle complex and ambiguous challenges. Unlike traditional linear problem-solving methods, design thinking emphasizes reframing problems, fostering collaboration, and generating innovative solutions through reflective practice (Schön, 1992). Its interdisciplinary relevance has extended its application beyond design professions to fields such as education, management, technology, and social innovation (Brown, 2008; Manzini, 2015). Manzini (2015) underscores design thinking as a universal human capability, not confined to professionals, but accessible to all as a means of creating social meaning and fostering sustainable change. Despite its growing prominence, tools to assess design thinking mindsets in non-design contexts remain limited. The Design Thinking Mindset Questionnaire by Vignoli et al. (2023) offers a comprehensive framework, measuring 10 dimensions: tolerance for uncertainty and risk-taking, empathy, holistic thinking, collaboration and diversity, learning orientation, experimentation, critical questioning, estimation, creative confidence, and impact. This scale, however, has not been validated in Iran, where cultural and professional contexts may influence its applicability. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of this questionnaire and compares its factor structure between architects (design professionals) and non-architects (general social actors) in Tehran, Iran. It addresses two research questions: (1) To what extent does the questionnaire demonstrate validity and reliability for measuring design thinking among Iranian architects and non-architects? (2) What similarities and differences exist in the factor structure of the design thinking mindset between these groups? The study contributes to localizing assessment tools and understanding how professional training shapes cognitive approaches to design thinking.MethodologyThis quantitative study employed a survey design with a sample of 674 participants, comprising 412 architects and 262 non-architects, randomly selected in Tehran. The architects’ group included students from Shahid Beheshti and Tehran Universities and professional engineers registered with the Tehran Engineering Organization. The non-architects’ group encompassed individuals with diverse ages, genders, and educational backgrounds, recruited via the National Library of Iran’s Telegram channel. Data were collected using a Persian translation of Vignoli et al.’s (2023) questionnaire, comprising 40 items across the 10 dimensions noted above. To enhance response precision and reduce central tendency bias, a 7-point Likert scale (1 = completely disagree, 7 = completely agree) was adopted, supported by research indicating improved measurement accuracy with broader scales (Babai et al., 1400; Smith & Johnson, 2018). The translation process involved experts in architecture, education, and English to ensure content and face validity. Items were refined based on feedback from three English language specialists, with final validation by a dual expert in design and psychology.Data analysis was conducted in three phases: exploratory factor analysis (EFA), first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and second-order CFA, using SPSS 27.0.1 and AMOS software. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test assessed sampling adequacy, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity verified variable correlations. EFA identified the factor structure, while CFA validated structural and hierarchical relationships. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency, and group differences were analyzed to compare mindset manifestations. The sample size exceeded the minimum threshold for structural equation modeling (Hair et al., 2010; Kline, 2015), ensuring robust statistical power.Results and discussionThe KMO test confirmed sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.884 for architects; 0.855 for non-architects), and Bartlett’s test (p < 0.001) verified significant correlations. EFA revealed a 10-factor structure, explaining 64.913% of the variance for architects and 61.46% for non-architects. Most items had factor loadings above 0.5, though some (e.g., Q12: “I can easily utilize solutions from a broader perspective”; Q13: “I can revisit the initial project question”) showed lower loadings among non-architects, suggesting cultural or contextual misalignments. First-order CFA confirmed the 10-factor model, with fit indices indicating acceptable validity for architects (CMIN/DF = 2.000, RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.815, TLI = 0.793) and non-architects (CMIN/DF = 2.597, RMSEA = 0.070, CFI = 0.814, TLI = 0.791). Second-order CFA validated the hierarchical structure, with all dimensions significantly contributing to the overarching design thinking mindset (p < 0.001). Reliability analyses demonstrated high internal consistency across dimensions.Significant group differences emerged. Architects showed stronger loadings in holistic thinking (Q12: 0.826 vs. 0.432) and experimentation (Q24: 0.760 vs. 0.463), reflecting their design training and familiarity with iterative processes. Non-architects exhibited higher loadings in learning orientation (Q19: 0.716 vs. 0.367), indicating a more theoretical, experience-driven approach. These findings align with Vignoli et al. (2023) and underscore the influence of professional expertise on cognitive frameworks. For instance, architects’ exposure to prototyping enhanced their experimentation scores, while non-architects’ unfamiliarity with such practices weakened these items’ relevance. Items like Q5 (“I dedicate significant time to understanding user needs”) and Q13 require revision for non-designers, potentially using more relatable, everyday examples. The study also suggests rephrasing items like Q18 (“I am ready to collaborate with individuals from different backgrounds”) to enhance clarity for architects.ConclusionThis study validates the psychometric properties of the Design Thinking Mindset Questionnaire in Iran, confirming its reliability and structural validity for architects and non-architects. The 10-factor model is robust, with group differences highlighting the impact of professional training. Architects exhibit a practice-driven, integrated mindset, while non-architects display a learning-oriented approach. The scale’s adaptability supports its use in educational and interdisciplinary contexts, facilitating the development of localized tools and targeted interventions. For example, enhancing experimentation skills among non-architects or critical questioning among architects could bridge mindset gaps. Limitations include potential cultural influences on responses and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias. Future research should explore cross-cultural comparisons, incorporate mixed-methods approaches, and conduct longitudinal studies to examine mindset evolution. This study lays a foundation for advancing design thinking education and fostering innovation in Iran’s academic and professional landscapes. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_730434.html Pedestrian safety perception refers to the subjective sense of security individuals experience when walking in urban environments. This perception is shaped not only by objective risk factors but also by environmental quality, infrastructural conditions, and psychological interpretations of space. Understanding how people perceive safety is critical for planners and policymakers, as it directly influences walking behavior, public space use, and the overall sustainability of cities. Despite increasing attention to pedestrian infrastructure in global research, medium-sized cities in Iran, such as Bushehr, have received limited empirical investigation, even though pedestrian accidents remain a serious concern.This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing perceived safety in two of Bushehr’s principal urban corridors: Imam Khomeini Street and Ashouri Street. These streets were selected because they present contrasting physical and organizational characteristics, with Imam Khomeini generally offering more structured pedestrian facilities and Ashouri exhibiting fragmented sidewalks and greater exposure to traffic. A quantitative design was adopted, using a researcher-developed questionnaire containing 17 indicators of pedestrian safety perception. Items covered four key domains identified in the literature—sidewalk quality and spatial organization, geometric design and traffic guidance, safety of crossings, and environmental lighting—and were rated on a five-point Likert scale.To ensure scientific rigor, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by ten academic experts in urban planning and transportation, who reviewed the relevance and clarity of each item. Reliability testing produced a McDonald’s Omega coefficient of 0.966, indicating excellent internal consistency. Sample size was determined using G*Power software, with an expected medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.5) and a power level of 95%, which yielded a minimum requirement of 200 respondents. The final sample consisted of 200 residents of Bushehr who were familiar with both streets. Sampling was purposive but controlled for demographic balance in gender and age, acknowledging that perceptions of safety often vary across social groups.Data analysis proceeded in two stages. First, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component extraction and varimax rotation was conducted to identify the latent dimensions of safety perception. The analysis revealed four factors that collectively explained 69.3% of the total variance: (1) Quality and spatial organization of sidewalks, which captured continuity of walking paths, absence of physical barriers, and sufficient width; (2) Geometric design and traffic guidance, encompassing intersection layout, signage, and traffic control devices; (3) Safety of pedestrian crossings, reflecting the presence of marked crosswalks and signals; and (4) Environmental lighting, which measured adequacy and maintenance of streetlights. The factor structure aligned well with existing theoretical models, reinforcing the construct validity of the instrument.Next, Anderson–Rubin factor scores were calculated to allow for direct comparison of the two streets. Results revealed a consistent pattern in which Imam Khomeini Street scored higher across most factors. In particular, Ashouri Street lagged significantly in sidewalk quality, presence of physical obstacles, and lighting conditions, contributing to a weaker overall sense of safety. Respondents described Ashouri Street as fragmented and poorly maintained, with inadequate crossings and insufficient night-time illumination, whereas Imam Khomeini Street benefitted from continuous pavements and clearer separation between pedestrian and vehicular traffic.A multiple regression analysis was then conducted to determine the predictive power of the four extracted factors on overall perceived safety. The model demonstrated that only sidewalk quality and spatial organization exerted a significant positive effect (β = 0.461, p < 0.001), highlighting the central importance of basic pedestrian infrastructure. While lighting and traffic guidance influenced descriptive differences between streets, their independent contribution was not statistically significant once sidewalk conditions were accounted for. This suggests that high-quality, well-maintained sidewalks provide the foundational layer of safety upon which other factors build.The originality of this research lies in its combined methodological and contextual contributions. Methodologically, the study integrated exploratory factor analysis with Anderson–Rubin factor score estimation, enabling a rigorous and unbiased comparison of latent safety constructs. Contextually, it focused on Bushehr—a city with relatively high pedestrian accident rates but little prior empirical attention—thereby broadening the geographic scope of pedestrian safety research and offering locally relevant evidence for decision-makers.The findings yield several practical implications. Urban managers in Bushehr should prioritize targeted interventions to improve sidewalk continuity, remove physical barriers, and ensure regular maintenance of pavement surfaces. Although lighting and traffic control measures did not emerge as independent predictors in the regression model, respondents emphasized their importance for night-time security, suggesting that these features still merit investment as complementary measures. The superior performance of Imam Khomeini Street provides a model that can inform future upgrades of Ashouri Street and similar corridors.In summary, this study underscores that pedestrians’ sense of safety is strongly rooted in the physical quality and organization of sidewalks, more so than in other infrastructural attributes. By focusing on the fundamentals of pedestrian infrastructure, cities like Bushehr can enhance perceived safety, encourage walking, and create more inclusive and sustainable urban environments. Future research could build on these findings by employing mixed methods, incorporating qualitative interviews or spatial observations, and exploring longitudinal changes following infrastructural improvements to further refine evidence-based urban policies. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_731402.html A b s t r a c t  In recent decades, the importance of neighborhood design in realizing the principles of a “sustainable city” has become increasingly evident. The COVID-19 crisis demonstrated that urban sustainability is not limited to physical and environmental indicators, but also encompasses the social and perceptual dimensions of residents. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience and spatial perception of residents in neighborhood units during crisis conditions and to provide a framework for urban safety design. The research method was qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews with 18 residents and experts in Ekbatan Township, Tehran. The data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis and MAXQDA software. To increase validity, the participant review and theme comparison techniques were used. The findings showed that five main themes were most frequently repeated: the role of open and semi-public spaces in promoting social sustainability (83%), the insufficient spatial flexibility of residential units (72%), the redefinition of social relations in public spaces (67%), the importance of semi-open spaces as “rescue spaces” (56%), and the necessity of flexible urban design to face future crises (78%). These results indicate that urban sustainability depends not only on physical indicators but also on the lived experience and spatial perception of citizens. Accordingly, suggestions such as strengthening open and semi-public spaces, designing flexible housing, improving the quality of balconies and terraces, and redefining public spaces as urban resilience infrastructure are presented. The goal of the present study is not to make statistical generalizations, but rather to discover conceptual patterns of lived experience that can be used in similar urban contexts.         Introduction The idea of the "Safe and resilient city" has emerged during the past couple of decades as a more complete approach to optimizing a city’s quality of life, spatial equity, and urban resilience view. The social aspects of urban sustainability came to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most Iranian studies on City safety, on the other hand, remain fixated on the quantitative or the physical components while overlooking the social and psychological aspects of urban sustainability. This research intends to examine residents’ lived experiences and spatial perceptions in neighborhood units during the public health crisis to develop a conceptual framework for sustainable design to address the gap. In the discipline of urban planning, public health crises of the recent past have shown that the neighborhood design and management paradigms in Iran are still outdated and insufficient to satisfy residents’ real needs. In this context, understanding the relationships between the physical, the semi-public, and the open spaces as a set and residents' experiences becomes crucial. This approach could advance the design of neighborhood units and support policymakers and urban designers. Although a growing body of international research has examined the role of public space, housing flexibility and social interaction in urban resilience, there remains a marked lack of context-sensitive studies in Iran. In particular, few investigations have combined residents spatial perceptions with their lived experience during health crises to derive design and policy strategies. Addressing this gap is crucial for developing safe and sustainable neighborhood units that are not only physically robust but also socially and psychologically responsive to crises.   Methodology This is an applied, qualitative and explanatory study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 participants including 12 residents of diverse socio-economic backgrounds and 6 experts in architecture, urban planning and urban health in the Ekbatan complex of Tehran. Field observations were also used to enrich the data. Data analysis was conducted through thematic analysis in both deductive and inductive phases: first, urban health and sustainability indicators extracted from the literature formed an initial coding frame; then open and axial coding of interview data was carried out. Credibility was enhanced by member checking, double coding and constant comparison. Theoretical saturation was reached after 18 interviews.     Results and discussion The analysis revealed five main themes: (1) the role of open and semi-public spaces in enhancing social sustainability (83% of participants);  (2) insufficiency of spatial flexibility in residential units (72%);  (3) redefinition of social relations in public spaces (67%); (4) the importance of semi-open spaces as "rescue spaces" (56%);  (5) the necessity of flexible urban design to face future crises (78%). Locally available open spaces, walkways, terraces, and communal yards help dispel anxiety, enable safe social contact, and improve users perceived safety. During the lockdown, the absence of dwellings with flexible and multi-function spaces increased psychological confinement and functional inefficiency. The crisis also re-evaluated the value of public and semi-open spaces and the need for the design of multi-functional, resilient spaces to crises. Most of these findings align with the literature on biophilic design, justice in space, and urban resilience, corroborating the fact that the lived experience can be translated into actionable metrics for sustainable design.     Conclusion This qualitative research, focused on the Ekbatan residential complex, aimed to identify conceptual patterns of residents’ lived experiences and spatial perceptions under crisis conditions. While the results are not statistically generalizable due to the homogeneity of the study area, they reveal critical insights into how semi-public spaces influence social interaction, emotional security, and urban resilience. These insights can contribute to the development of design guidelines and neighborhood planning strategies applicable to other urban contexts with similar physical and social structures.  From a policy framework perspective, the findings of this study can contribute to forming design approaches in urban planning and detailed plans, provide urban managers guidelines to reinforcing social and spatial resilience in urban development programs, and facilitate the public sector in policy implementation. In policy development, the findings from the study can also provide a guide for housing and public space design at local and national levels. For the research findings to inform a broader range of context, extending the research to small cities and informal settlements is encouraged. Just as important, including these areas would help urban decision-making improve. In addition to providing a conceptual framework, the study highlights a practical research agenda for planners, designers and policymakers. Extending this work to different types of settlements such as informal areas, small towns and peri-urban zones would allow comparative analysis of safety and resilience indicators across contexts. Such an approach could inform national standards and lead to the creation of a network of locally grounded knowledge on neighborhood safety and resilience, thereby improving the quality and transferability of urban decision-making.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_731573.html Extended English Abstract IntroductionThe intensification of global risks, particularly pandemics like COVID-19, has positioned urban resilience as fundamental concepts in urban planning and design, especially at the neighborhood scale. The COVID-19 pandemic not only challenged public health but also exposed critical vulnerabilities in conventional urban planning paradigms, necessitating a re-evaluation of mechanisms for urban recovery, resilience. This research was conducted to identify various urban planning factors influencing the resilience of neighborhoods in Tehran and to explain the components for enhancing their resilience during and after a pandemic. The study addresses a significant gap in the literature by proposing a comprehensive, integrated model that considers socio-cultural, economic, physical, environmental, and institutional-managerial dimensions specific to the local context of Tehran, moving beyond fragmented approaches found in previous studies..MethodologyThis applied developmental research employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The methodology involved several stages. First, an extensive review of domestic and international literature on neighborhood resilience was conducted to identify initial factors. Subsequently, these factors were refined using the Delphi method through multiple rounds of consultation with a panel of 46 urban experts and specialists. Based on the identified components, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to the same panel of experts for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) extraction and Promax rotation in SPSS software. The reliability of the constructs was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and sample adequacy was measured with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index and Bartlett's test of sphericity. The final analysis aimed to identify latent dimensions and construct a comprehensive model of urban planning components affecting neighborhood resilience in Tehran.Results and discussionThe findings revealed that all five predefined dimensions demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90) and acceptable sample adequacy (KMO > 0.7). The EFA results indicated that the socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and institutional-managerial dimensions were single-factor constructs. In contrast, the physical-accessibility dimension was identified as a two-factor construct.Socio-Cultural Dimension: This single factor, explaining 71.989% of the variance, encapsulates eight variables loading onto a unified concept termed "Social Capital and Collective Cohesion," with key loadings on "Cultural Responsibility and Social Norms" (0.915) and "Community Preparedness and Response Capacity" (0.913).Economic Dimension: This single factor, explaining 71.616% of the variance, represents "Economic Stability and Justice," with high loadings on "Economic Opportunity and Business Resilience" (0.922) and "Insurance, Financial Support, and Safety Nets" (0.900).Physical-Accessibility Dimension: This was a two-factor structure (cumulatively explaining 75.376% of the variance). Factor 1, "Spatial Quality and Safety," included variables like "Infrastructure and Smart Systems" and "Safety and Transmission Control." Factor 2, "Accessibility and Spatial Organization," comprised "Urban Form and Land Use" and "Mobility and Transportation."Environmental Dimension: This single factor, explaining 69.462% of the variance, termed "Environmental Sustainability and Health," had the highest loading on "Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity" (0.878).Institutional-Managerial Dimension: This single factor, demonstrating the highest reliability (α=0.957) and explaining 79.840% of the variance, represents "Effective Governance and Strategic Management," with the strongest loadings on "Planning, Policy, and Risk Integration" (0.937) and "Performance, Accountability, and Crisis Management" (0.931).The discussion contextualizes these findings within existing literature. The single-factor structures align with studies emphasizing the integrated nature of resilience and safety concepts (e.g., Cheshmeh Zangi et al., 2023; Afrin et al., 2021). The critical distinction of the physical dimension into two factors challenges traditional one-dimensional views and underscores the necessity of addressing both spatial quality and accessibility simultaneously for effective resilience and safety planning, resonating with findings from Boeing & Ha (2024) and Fan et al. (2023). The strong consensus on the institutional-managerial dimension highlights its perceived role as the cornerstone for implementing effective resilience and safety strategies during crises, corroborating research by Rönkkö et al. (2022) and Tayebi et al. (2022).ConclusionThis study successfully developed a comprehensive framework for enhancing neighborhood resilience in Tehran against pandemics, comprising 5 main dimensions and 6 core components (considering the split in the physical dimension). The model conclusively demonstrates that urban resilience are multifaceted and intertwined concepts that require a holistic and integrated planning perspective. The most significant insight is the differentiation within the physical dimension, revealing that high accessibility does not automatically confer high resilience if spatial quality are compromised. Accordingly, practical recommendations for each dimension are provided, including strengthening community-based programs, expanding insurance coverage and economic nets, simultaneous planning for spatial quality and accessibility, developing green infrastructure, and enhancing institutional transparency and participatory planning. For future research, testing this model in diverse neighborhoods of Tehran, ranking neighborhood resilience levels, and conducting qualitative studies to deepen the understanding of the interactions between the identified components are suggested. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732039.html IntroductionFacades in Iranian cities are at once aesthetic mediators, environmental interfaces, cultural signifiers, and policy targets. Yet Persian-language academic discourse about facades remains dispersed across design, technology, heritage, and governance literatures. This extended abstract reports a systematic, interpretive review of Persian-language scholarship on “facade” over roughly the past two decades, synthesizing patterns of concern, evidence, and argument across 121 peer-reviewed articles retrieved from national databases (SID and MagIran). We coded and organized the corpus into five analytic dimensions—(1) aesthetics and form, (2) performance and environment, (3) meaning and identity, (4) experience and society, and (5) law and policy—to answer four guiding questions: What topics dominate facade research in Persian-language scholarship? How have conceptualizations of facade evolved over time? Which methods and metrics are most frequently employed, and with what limitations? What design and policy implications emerge for a more integrated, human-centered and evidence-based facade practice? A concise version of this scope appears in the journal template and is expanded here.MethodologyWe conducted an interpretive systematic review in three phases. First, we compiled records from SID and MagIran using controlled Persian keywords and Boolean strings covering facade, envelope, elevation, double-skin, kinetic, identity, urban image, regulation, and committee. Second, we screened titles/abstracts and full texts against inclusion criteria (peer-reviewed Persian-language research articles with explicit focus on facade at the scale of the building or street wall) and exclusion criteria (purely structural studies without facade implications; non-scholarly reports). Third, we applied directed qualitative content analysis using a codebook derived from canonical facade functions and Iranian urban design debates. Each article was coded into one or more of the five dimensions. Cross-checking among coders resolved disagreements and ensured consistency. Descriptive mapping tracked topical salience; interpretive memos captured recurring arguments, implicit assumptions, and contributions. The synthesis below aligns with the extended-abstract format required by the journal.Results and discussionAesthetics and form emerged as the dominant strand. Many articles foreground compositional order, proportion, rhythm, material expression (especially brick), and visual coherence at building and street scales. Historical–comparative papers document transformation of ornament and tectonic expression from Qajar to Pahlavi to contemporary contexts, often reading facade as a legible surface within an urban “elevation” sequence. A recurrent concern is “visual clutter” (aghteshash-e basari) from ad-hoc mixtures of forms, colors, and appendages; several contributions propose operational indices for evaluating facade readability and streetscape consistency. Performance and environment are addressed less frequently but with growing depth in later works. Studies on double-skin, kinetic, bio-integrated, and photovoltaic facades report reductions in solar gains, daylight control, and opportunities for natural ventilation, noting climate-sensitive trade-offs in Tehran, Bushehr, Rasht, and other Iranian climates. Even where visual focus dominates, several papers tie brick screens, recessed openings, balconies, and semi-open thresholds (eyvans) to shading, view control, and privacy—hybridizing aesthetic judgment with microclimatic performance. Simulation-based investigations exist, yet systematic life-cycle evaluation and cost–benefit analyses remain rare.Meaning and identity form a second major cluster. Facades oscillate between vernacular continuity (material, geometry, proportion, privacy) and globalized, prestige styles. Many authors treat facade as a bearer of cultural symbols and a public signal of social status. Post-revolution debates critique eclectic “journalistic” or neo-classical veneers as symptomatic of identity crisis, while others argue for reinterpretations of local archetypes (e.g., brick lattices, screened balconies, courtyard frontage) compatible with contemporary techniques. Experience and society studies position the facade as an interface shaping perception, comfort, and sense of place. Comparative studies show architects parse composition while citizens link facade to daily quality of life—light, views, privacy, legibility, and calm. Classed taste (zelā’egh-e tabaghati) and conspicuous expenditure drive ornate imagery, while user studies highlight how facade legibility and material warmth support attachment to place and social cohesion. These findings underscore the value of user-centered metrics—visual comfort, privacy, wayfinding, and perceived order—in facade assessment.Law and policy contributions analyze municipal facade committees, regulatory texts, and implementation. Committees raise awareness and improve minimum quality, yet qualitative criteria, discretionary judgments, weak legal standing, and limited enforcement blunt impact and sometimes suppress creativity. Authors call for participatory, transparent, evidence-based decision-making integrating user feedback and environmental performance. Temporal reading suggests an arc from historically anchored, norm-seeking analyses toward more techno-environmental and user-centric framings. Newer studies (including kinetic/bio-facades and data-driven evaluation) treat the facade as a multifunctional system rather than a stylistic mask, linking aesthetics to comfort, energy, ecology, and experience. This trajectory strengthens the case for a convergent research–practice agenda where beauty, performance, and identity are pursued as coupled objectives rather than trade-offs. Four actionable implications emerge: (1) adopt multi-criteria facade scorecards weighting form/identity, environmental performance, safety, and user perception equally; (2) institutionalize “perceptual requirements” in approvals (user testing for legibility/visual calm; daylight–glare checks); (3) privilege climate-appropriate solutions—shading, controllable double skins, optimized local materials—evaluated over full life cycles and costs; and (4) redesign committee processes for transparency, participation, and neighborhood-specific design guides in historic and identity-sensitive areas.ConclusionThis review maps, for the first time in English, the scope and character of Persian-language facade research over two decades. While aesthetics and form dominate, substantive strands in performance/environment, meaning/identity, experience/society, and law/policy are gaining coherence. The trend is a gradual shift from historical and prescriptive discourses to participatory policy-making and data-informed design—aligning facade scholarship with Iranian cities’ multi-scalar demands. Practically, our synthesis argues for a facade agenda that (i) measures what matters to users (comfort, calm, privacy, legibility), (ii) couples environmental and cultural performance (climate-fit envelopes that read locally), and (iii) modernizes governance (clearer, evidence-based criteria; open committee procedures; neighborhood guides). Future work should extend the corpus with quantitative meta-analyses, longitudinal studies, and comparative regional research across Iran’s diverse climates and cultures. By connecting beauty, utility, and identity, facade practice can move from ad hoc taste and piecemeal regulation to a civic project that is human-centered, climate-responsible, and culturally resonant. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732042.html IntroductionIn recent decades, tourism has been recognized as a key driver of sustainable urban development, with its economic, social, and cultural impacts well-documented. Music, as an indicator of urban identity and lifestyle, plays a unique role in cultural tourism and can serve as a catalyst for visitor-centered experiences. Sanandaj joined UNESCO’s Creative City of Music network in 2019, but challenges such as declining museum visits, poor communication, and a lack of multifunctional event spaces have hindered the full utilization of its cultural assets. Furthermore, urban safety considerations have not been systematically integrated into the design of music-based tourism experiences.We ask:What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Sanandaj’s music-based urban tourism?Which operational strategies can leverage strengths/opportunities while mitigating weaknesses/threats?Contributions: (i) Localization of the Creative City of Music framework to Sanandaj; (ii) Translation of SWOT into place-based, TOWS strategies (governance, infrastructure, events, education, services, branding); (iii) A policy agenda for municipal authorities, the private sector, and civil organizations.MethodologyThis research utilized a qualitative descriptive–analytical design. Data were collected through documentary review, field observation, and 10 semi-structured expert interviews from various fields, including urban planning, architecture, music, and tourism. Thematic analysis was integrated with a SWOT/TOWS framework to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on expert judgment, indicators for the Creative City were prioritized (Very High, High, Indirect/Long-term) and used to weight strategic decisions. Event-safety elements—such as capacity, crowding, lighting, egress, and host training—were coded as a cross-cutting dimension across all analyses. Validity was reinforced through independent coding checks and feedback from external experts. This comprehensive approach allowed for the identification of strategic choices and the development of strategies for enhancing musical tourism in Sanandaj, with a clear focus on event safety and visitor experience quality.Results and discussionUsing the Creative City of Music framework, the gap between “cultural and spatial assets” and “creating real visitor experiences” in Sanandaj is identified as follows: where music flows as the city’s language in place storytelling and event safety is integrated, the experience economy emerges. Key indicators such as cultural identity, event diversity, museums, and hosting quality help activate demand. The path from “asset” to “experience” passes through four layers: creative capital, places and infrastructure, policy and participation, and branding and experience.Museums and urban heritage need reevaluation. Although sites like the Kurdish House and Meshir Divan House offer cultural “assets,” visitor numbers show the link between “historical asset” and “visitor experience” is weak. Museums should become narrative hubs where Sanandaj’s music flows, creating peak moments in the experience. Along with this, visitor safety, from capacity to emergency routes, is an essential part of the experience quality.Findings show that city capacity can be grouped into thematic clusters. For example, in the natural cluster, spaces like parks haven’t yet become venues for open-air performances. Standardizing sound, lighting, safety, and crowd management in these spaces is a strategic priority. Similarly, event-driven clusters need stable events with set dates, advanced ticket sales, and improved safety protocols to turn them into “travel drivers.”In the religious cluster, auditory cultural experiences designed with safety in mind attract new audiences. The Sanandaj Music Story Route with multilingual QR codes increases interaction while ensuring safety. Additionally, accommodations need to connect more with musical experiences by offering event-experience packages that include safety standards.The research also emphasizes the need for a unified system across governance, infrastructure, and experience design, aiming for a sustainable and culturally-driven tourism model.ConclusionThis study aims to develop strategies for urban tourism in Sanandaj based on its musical identity. As Iran’s first UNESCO Creative City of Music, Sanandaj holds rich cultural assets but faces challenges in transforming them into a compelling tourism experience—such as limited event spaces, weak digital marketing, and insufficient accommodation capacity.Using SWOT analysis and qualitative themes, a strategic package was designed across four groups (SO, ST, WO, WT), including Nature–Music Corridors, Storytelling Routes, Night-time Economy Development, Multilingual Destination Portal, Event Support Funds, and Quality Accommodation Certification. Each strategy is linked to key performance indicators for continuous monitoring and improvement.Effective development requires alignment across four layers: creative capital (artists, skills, networks), infrastructure (venues, accessibility, safety standards), governance (cross-sector collaboration, unified event licensing), and branding (place-based storytelling, multilingual marketing). Event safety and environmental comfort are core components of the visitor experience.Ultimately, through smart experience design, infrastructure enhancement, and modern marketing, Sanandaj can transform its UNESCO title from a symbolic label into a driver of sustainable urban development, where music becomes the language of the city. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732141.html IntroductionBalancing citizens’ social lives and fostering a peaceful urban environment are essential components of creating a human-centered city. In this context, pedestrian axes play a fundamental role in enhancing social livability. Today, the vibrancy of urban public spaces is considered one of the most important indicators of quality of life in cities. Pedestrian streets, as key social intersections, can inject excitement and vitality into central urban areas, encourage voluntary public engagement, and ultimately contribute to the sustainability of urban centers. This research aims to examine the role of pedestrian axes in promoting social interactions, a sense of place, and urban tourism. Functional organization of mobility and public space to improve the quality of life, health and accessibility of urban areas. The impacts of car traffic on the livability of cities and neighborhoods in terms of safety, air, noise, as well as in terms of consumption and quality of public and pedestrian space in particular are directly addressed. In the meantime, the sidewalk is one of the most important urban spaces and public arenas in cities. It is important to find that the excessive development of urban physical space, the increase in public and private vehicles and the environment have brought about a detrimental effect on the city structure. The program, the creation of workable environments becomes an important strategy to advance human development goals in cities. Social interactions in public spaces are citizens' only revenge against the adverse effects of urban life. Urban public spaces are the shock absorbers of adversity and mental and physical stress.Public spaces are the savior and hope of contemporary machine cities, which all urban science experts and managers have reached a consensus on in implementing strategies for providing and developing public spaces. Pedestrian interactive axes can free citizens from the captivity of technology and lead citizens to public spaces.MethodologyThis study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is applied in nature. Data were collected through field studies, including questionnaires and direct observation. Additionally, documentary and library research was conducted to extract indicators related to social interactions and livability. The statistical population comprises all citizens of Tabriz, with a sample size of 384 individuals determined using Cochran’s formula. Sampling was conducted randomly among citizens present along the Tarbiyat Pedestrian Axis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing ANOVA and T-tests to assess the status of each component.Results and DiscussionUrban prosperity and livability are influenced by multiple factors. One significant contributor to social livability in the Tabriz metropolis is the pedestrian infrastructure—particularly the Tarbiyat Pedestrian Axis, which is notable for its historical character and long-standing presence. The findings of this study indicate that the Tarbiyat Axis plays a meaningful role in enhancing social interactions among citizens. Furthermore, the study explores the axis’s impact on residents’ sense of place attachment. Results show a positive and significant relationship between the pedestrian environment and increased place attachment among Tabriz citizens, who report feelings of safety, vitality, and identity when present in this space. In today’s fast-paced world, individuals seek environments that reflect their identity and provide a sense of belonging. Public spaces like the Tarbiyat Pedestrian Axis fulfill this need. Beyond fostering social interaction and place attachment, the axis also plays a vital role in attracting both domestic and international tourists. Evaluations highlight the area’s historical architecture, preserved facades, diverse urban elements, and a wide array of commercial centers as key factors contributing to its popularity, making it one of the most visited areas in Tabriz.ConclusionThe study confirms a positive and significant impact of the Tarbiyat Pedestrian Axis on enhancing the spatial belonging of Tabriz citizens. The space fosters a sense of security, vibrancy, and identity. Analysis of variables such as social interaction, spatial belonging, and tourism—disaggregated by gender—reveals that only the correlation between gender and spatial belonging is statistically significant. Notably, women report a higher sense of spatial belonging to the Tarbiyat Pedestrian Axis compared to men.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732296.html Extended Abstract: Introduction The rapid increase in urban population, the physical expansion of cities, and the increasing dependence of people's lives on transportation networks have made the issue of urban safety, especially in the field of citizen transportation, one of the main concerns of urban managers and planners. Like many large cities in the country, Urmia faces issues such as high traffic density, lack of road safety infrastructure, risky driver behavior, and poor monitoring of transportation flow. These challenges not only lead to an increase in traffic accidents and loss of life and property but also reinforce the feeling of insecurity and a decrease in the quality of life among citizens. Urmia, as one of the metropolises in the northwest of the country, faces serious challenges in the field of transportation safety and sustainability with rapid horizontal growth, increased dependence on private cars with a share of more than 69 percent in the transportation structure, and the concentration of traffic in central areas. This situation, in addition to threatening the quality of life and urban security, despite the city's potential capacities in developing public transportation and pedestrian-oriented spaces, doubles the need for a serious review of transportation policies and their relationship with safe city components. Despite a significant volume of research in the field of urban transportation management, few studies have purposefully examined the relationship between safe city components and transportation policies, especially in medium-sized and smaller cities such as Urmia, which face their challenges. Most of the existing studies have an analytical approach focused on metropolises and have not used a descriptive-analytical approach with case analysis at the local level. The goal of this research is to determine how Urmia's urban transportation management policies can evaluate safe city components.MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation. The statistical population of this research consists of the citizens of Urmia City, with a population of 1,040,565 people. To determine the sample size, the standard Cochran formula with an error level of 5 percent was used, based on which 383 people were obtained as the final sample size. This method, which is known as a valid tool in research, ensures that the selected sample has the necessary ability to reflect the characteristics of the target population and that the results of the research can be generalized to the entire statistical population. A closed questionnaire with a Likert scale with 26 items is used to collect the required data. The validity of the questionnaire will be confirmed by several experts in the field of urban management and transportation, and its reliability will be measured by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient using SPSS software. The quantitative data collected will be subjected to statistical analysis (including descriptive and inferential statistics) using SPSS software. Also, SEM structural equation analysis will be used with the help of Smart PLS software to test the research hypotheses and examine the relationships between variables.Results and discussionAccording to the results, the calculated t-values between all independent and dependent variables in the model are greater than 1.96 and are significant at the 95% level, so that the physical component has the highest rank and the economic component has the lowest rank in the safe city components. The test can also be applied to continuous data (distance or relative), but their ranking is also taken into account when calculating this data.According to the results of the Friedman test of the ranking of the items of the economic component, since the significance level is equal to 0.000 and is reported to be smaller than the standard error level of 0.05, it can be inferred that the average acquired rank of each of the items of the economic component is statistically significantly different from each other. This means that the item "Paying attention to economic infrastructure can help improve the labor market in the region" received the highest ranking, while the item "Costs related to transportation management should be considered with special care in urban planning" received the lowest ranking among the items of the economic component.ConclusionBased on the findings of the present study, the evaluation of safe city components within the framework of urban transportation management policies in Urmia shows that all economic, physical, socio-cultural, and environmental components are in a favorable state. The average scores of these components are above average (3) and are statistically significant. In particular, the physical component with the highest average (3.697) and composite reliability (0.937) was identified as the most influential dimension, while the economic component with an average of 3.381 was assigned the lowest rank among the components. These results indicate that transportation management policies in Urmia, especially in the area of physical and environmental infrastructure, have been able to help improve urban safety. The findings of this study are consistent with the results of domestic and foreign studies. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732654.html IntroductionAir pollution is recognized as one of the most critical environmental and public health challenges of contemporary urban life. In megacities such as Tehran, rapid population growth, uncontrolled urban expansion, the widespread use of private vehicles, and the aging public transport fleet have intensified this crisis. Every day, more than seventeen million trips take place within the city, and over 2.4 million vehicles contribute substantially to air and noise pollution. Statistical reports indicate that the transport sector accounts for over eighty percent of mobile pollutant sources in Tehran, directly linked to increased respiratory diseases, premature deaths, and considerable social and economic costs. Both national and international studies emphasize that the transition toward clean and sustainable transportation is not only an environmental necessity but also a prerequisite for sustainable urban development. However, achieving this goal is impossible without broad and active citizen participation in planning, decision-making, and operating public transport systems. This research was conducted with the main objective of identifying and explaining the components influencing the establishment of clean transportation in Tehran, with particular emphasis on the pivotal role of public engagement, using Sherry Arnstein’s participation ladder as the theoretical framework.MethodologyThis study is applied in nature and employed a descriptive–survey design. The statistical population comprised 300 managers, officials, and experts working in Tehran’s municipal transport and traffic organizations, including the Tehran Municipality and the Tehran Metro Company. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 166 respondents was selected. Data collection was conducted using a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose content validity was confirmed by experts, and reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha (0.80), indicating acceptable internal consistency. For data analysis, SPSS (version 23) was used for preliminary statistical tests, while LISREL (version 8.5) supported structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. This methodological approach enabled a detailed examination of the relationships between citizen participation levels and the environmental, economic, and social indicators of clean transportation development.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated that the role of citizen participation varies across different dimensions. In the environmental dimension (R² = 0.77), reducing air pollutants through lower per capita CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions (mean 4.45±0.22), mitigating noise pollution (4.18±0.45), and reducing water pollution (4.04±0.92) were identified as top priorities. Here, a combination of partial participation (awareness, consultation, consensus) and full participation (partnership, empowerment, control) yielded the most effective outcomes. In the economic dimension (R² = 0.71), indicators such as reducing daily commuting time, improving accessibility to employment opportunities, and lowering travel costs were better explained through passive and partial participation, as major economic interventions often require large-scale governmental and private sector investment beyond the immediate control of citizens. In the social dimension (R² = 0.79), factors such as enhancing transport safety, improving accessibility for pedestrians and people with disabilities, and facilitating access to cultural and historical sites were most significant. In this area, once again, a balanced combination of partial and full participation emerged as the optimal approach. Overall, the findings indicate that citizen participation is not a single-layer phenomenon but a dynamic, multi-level process, requiring differentiated strategies tailored to each dimension.ConclusionThe analysis of the findings indicates that the development of clean transportation in Tehran is not achievable without recognizing and enhancing the role of citizens. In the environmental and social dimensions, raising public awareness, strengthening the sense of responsibility, and creating conditions for genuine citizen participation through partnership and empowerment are the main drivers of success in reducing pollution and improving urban quality of life. In contrast, the realization of economic indicators in clean transportation relies less on direct citizen involvement and more on large-scale investments and structural decisions made by government and private sector actors. Overall, the study concludes that a balanced and integrated strategy, which simultaneously addresses environmental, social, and economic dimensions, is the key to achieving clean and sustainable urban transportation in Tehran. Such an approach requires the promotion of public awareness and education, the cultivation of social trust, and the institutionalization of participatory mechanisms that enable citizens to play an active role in planning and monitoring. Furthermore, it is recommended that urban policymakers prioritize the modernization of the public transport fleet with electric and low-emission vehicles, expand pedestrian and cycling infrastructure with an emphasis on safety, and adopt intelligent traffic management systems to mitigate peak-hour congestion. Designing financial and legal incentives to attract private sector investment, strengthening the role of non-governmental and community-based organizations, and integrating land-use planning with transport policies are also crucial measures. Implementing such a multidimensional and participatory approach can pave the way for significant reductions in air pollution, improvements in safety and social equity, and progress toward a healthier and more sustainable urban future for Tehran. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732788.html IntroductionThis article offers a comparative urban-architectural reading of post-war reconstruction in Khorramshahr (Iran) and Dresden (Germany). We posit that successful recovery hinges on three intertwined vectors: (i) urban-fabric continuity and legibility (Historic Urban Landscape—HUL), (ii) heritage-based governance and decision-making (HBUR), and (iii) the re-assembly of social–spatial–economic life (Assemblage Urbanism). The contribution is twofold. Conceptually, we braid these frameworks into a single evaluative lens that distinguishes “repair” from true “reanimation” of place. Methodologically, we operationalise that lens with an auditable rubric that reads beyond façades to governance routines, public-realm performance, and everyday use. Khorramshahr and Dresden are deliberately contrasted: both suffered extensive destruction and population dislocation, yet diverged in institutional capacity, financing tools, and conservation culture. By juxtaposing emblematic projects in both cities, the study clarifies why certain interventions—despite substantial construction—fail to restore sense of place, while others rebuild morphology and meaning in tandem. The argument advanced here is that reconstruction becomes regeneration only when design control, civic participation, and programmatic activation move in step with physical works; absent that synchrony, new squares and buildings remain spatially isolated and socially underperforming.MethodologyThe research is applied, descriptive–analytical, and comparative. Sources include official reconstruction reports, planning documents, archival maps, and pre/post-war aerial and street imagery. Textual data were open-coded in ATLAS.ti and aggregated into themes aligned with the three axes (HUL, HBUR, Assemblage). The coding scheme captured, among others, street-network continuity, skyline/height discipline, frontage coherence, public-space quality, existence of heritage-value maps, stakeholder participation and design review, ground-floor activity, event-readiness, and narrative/identity cues. To translate qualitative insights into comparable appraisals, six representative projects were evaluated with a transparent five-point rubric (0–4) and theoretical weights: in Dresden—Neumarkt Square, Frauenkirche, and Rampische Strasse; in Khorramshahr—Motahhari Square, the Grand Mosque, and the War Museum in Kuye-e Taleghani. For each project, axis-specific scores were combined into a weighted mean; project means were then averaged at the city level to enable cross-context comparison. This evaluative lens is deliberately conservative: it penalises good-looking but disconnected objects, rewards coherent edge-making and pedestrian connectivity, and gives explicit credit to processes (participation, design review, citizen fundraising) that build legitimacy and social capital. To mitigate bias, coding relied on converging evidence from multiple documents and time-stamped imagery; where necessary, field notes from observers familiar with Dresden’s programme added descriptive nuance. While no large-N surveys were undertaken, the method prioritises traceable criteria and portability: the rubric can be replicated in other post-conflict settings with minimal adaptation to climate and governance context.Results and discussionResults reveal a marked performance gap. Khorramshahr’s weighted mean across projects is 1.6/4, whereas Dresden’s reaches 3.6/4. The largest shortfall in Khorramshahr lies in HUL—fragmented street networks, irregular building lines and heights, and incomplete edge-making around key public spaces. Assemblage scores are also modest: limited ground-floor vitality, delayed population return, and weak programming of public life. HBUR deficiencies—absence of a citywide heritage-values map and inconsistent design review—further depress outcomes by allowing piecemeal decisions and façade inconsistencies. By contrast, Dresden’s Neumarkt demonstrates controlled façade reassembly, height discipline, and public-realm coherence that invite lingering and ritualised use; Frauenkirche exemplifies critical restoration anchored in archival evidence and broad civic fundraising, transforming a singular monument into a civic anchor; Rampische Strasse shows consistent grain, rhythms, and mixed uses conducive to neighbourhood life. In Khorramshahr, Motahhari Square remains an underperforming new insertion rather than a historically anchored urban knot; the Grand Mosque’s stepwise restoration has not been matched by an integrated public-space design to re-stitch the surrounding fabric; the War Museum does activate memory yet lacks fully continuous spatial connections and sustained socio-economic catalysts in its catchment. Interpreted through the tripartite lens, Dresden succeeded not merely because more money was spent or because a stronger archive existed, but because evidence-based design control, civic participation, and programmatic activation were sequenced and mutually reinforcing. Where governance created a shared script—value mapping, façade/height control, and open review—morphology and meaning re-emerged together. Where governance defaulted to delivery-focused construction without shared criteria for edges, fronts, and uses, space was produced but place remained weak.ConclusionThe comparison indicates that moving from minimal physical reinstatement to full urban reactivation requires synchronising three agendas: fabric continuity and coherent frontage design (HUL), inclusive and heritage-literate governance with design review and citizen finance (HBUR), and social–economic programming that animates streets and squares (Assemblage). Dresden’s pathway—phased plans, evidence-based reconstruction, façade control, and public participation—reconstituted both morphology and meaning, restoring sense of place alongside cultural and visitor economies. For Khorramshahr, three priority actions follow directly from the findings: first, prepare a citywide heritage-values map and institute design-review mechanisms to align materials, heights, and fronts along identity corridors; second, deliver continuous edge-making and pedestrian connectivity around Motahhari Square and the Grand Mosque, complemented by lighting and urban furniture to enhance safety and legibility; third, deploy cultural and market-based activators—neighbourhood events, local commerce, and ground-floor incentives—around the War Museum and adjoining streets to accelerate population return and everyday use. Implemented together and monitored with the same rubric, these steps can shift Khorramshahr from patchwork rebuilding to participatory, multi-scalar regeneration, aligning physical restoration with identity recovery and socio-economic resilience while offering a replicable template for other post-conflict cities. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732959.html The 12-day war between the United States and the Zionist regime against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be considered a decisive turning point in the conceptual evolution of modern technology-based wars. Unlike conventional wars of the twentieth century that relied heavily on physical confrontations, territorial occupation, and traditional weapons systems, this conflict illustrated a new paradigm in which multiple layers of technology converge to form an integrated battlefield. This hybrid war represented a sophisticated combination of military and civilian instruments, physical and virtual domains, as well as hardware and software tools, thereby demonstrating that the boundary between traditional warfare and technologically enabled conflict has become increasingly blurred. The war underscored that power in the twenty-first century is no longer defined solely by tanks, missiles, and troops but by the ability to integrate cyber networks, artificial intelligence, electronic systems, and cognitive strategies into a coherent and coordinated campaign.In this confrontation, advanced technologies were deployed in a phased and synergistic manner. Cyber operations targeted communication infrastructures, critical databases, and financial systems with the aim of creating disruption and uncertainty. Artificial intelligence tools enhanced surveillance, optimized decision-making, and facilitated autonomous functions in combat systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly referred to as drones, played dual roles in intelligence gathering and precision strikes, minimizing the need for direct human presence in hostile zones. Electronic warfare disrupted radar, communication frequencies, and navigation systems, thereby undermining situational awareness and reducing the effectiveness of traditional defense mechanisms. Most significantly, cognitive operations aimed at shaping public perception, influencing morale, and destabilizing social cohesion revealed that modern warfare is as much about narratives and psychological impact as it is about physical destruction. The combined effect of these tools created multidimensional pressure on Iran’s defense, economy, and society, highlighting the interconnectedness of various spheres of national security.The purpose of the present article is to conduct a technological analysis of this war using the qualitative content analysis method within a descriptive-analytical framework. This methodology allows for an in-depth exploration of how technologies were deployed, the logic underlying their sequencing, and the effects they produced in different domains. The research data encompass official documents, field reports, media outputs, and expert assessments, all examined through a comparative approach and content interpretation. By analyzing both open-source intelligence and expert insights, the study reconstructs the technological architecture of the conflict and identifies the mechanisms through which superiority was sought and contested.The findings indicate that technology-based warfare follows a purposeful and sequential logic. It typically commences with information gathering and precise surveillance of infrastructures. In the case of the 12-day war, the adversaries invested significant resources in reconnaissance, using satellites, drones, and cyber intrusions to map vulnerabilities and identify strategic choke points. Once a comprehensive situational picture was achieved, the conflict moved into the second phase, which consisted of cyber and electronic strikes aimed at weakening defense systems, interrupting logistics, and undermining economic stability. These operations did not operate in isolation but were synchronized with physical and cognitive measures, thereby amplifying their effectiveness. The final phase relied heavily on cognitive and psychological operations. Through targeted disinformation campaigns, manipulation of social media platforms, and symbolic military actions, the adversaries sought not only to consolidate battlefield achievements but also to project an image of dominance that could influence both domestic and international perceptions.This war revealed several important insights into the nature of future conflicts. First, new technologies will not merely serve as auxiliary tools but will constitute the central elements of contemporary and forthcoming battlefields. Their integration allows for simultaneous engagement across multiple domains, effectively multiplying the reach and impact of military operations. Second, the distinction between civilian and military spheres becomes increasingly difficult to sustain. Attacks on financial systems, energy grids, and communication networks illustrate how societies as a whole, rather than just armed forces, become the targets of technologically enabled conflicts. Third, the role of cognition and perception has grown in prominence, suggesting that wars of the future will be judged not solely by territorial gains or casualty counts but by the ability to shape narratives, maintain legitimacy, and influence international opinion.Understanding this emerging pattern is a strategic imperative. For states like Iran, which face technologically advanced adversaries, the lessons of the 12-day war underscore the urgency of redesigning national defense architecture to integrate cyber, electronic, and cognitive dimensions alongside traditional military capabilities. Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructures, particularly in energy, communications, and finance, becomes central to national security. Equally important is the development of comprehensive strategies to build societal resilience, improve public awareness of cognitive manipulation, and strengthen long-term deterrence capacities.In conclusion, the 12-day war exemplifies the trajectory of modern conflict, where technology is not an adjunct but the very foundation of warfare. By analyzing this case, the article contributes to the broader academic and strategic understanding of how wars are evolving in the twenty-first century and provides insights that are essential for policymakers, defense planners, and scholars concerned with the future of security. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_732977.html IntroductionNo society will achieve sustainable political and social security without intellectual and cultural security. The issue of the present research is the role of the physical-spatial structure of the city in the perception of cultural security by citizens. The research aims to achieve physical-spatial components effective in promoting cultural security. Shahroud city in Semnan province, as one of the medium-sized cities with favorable climatic conditions in the geographical area of central Iran, is located at the center of urban development, and the need to formulate physical-spatial rules and regulations in such cities where culture and cultural security can, like Shirazeh, heal the contemporary social life of cities is essential. Cultural security means preserving the specific identity of the society. That is, the reference of cultural security is identity, which means protecting the fundamental secrets of the survival and advancement of culture. Any event or process that has a destructive effect on traditional and sustainable patterns of language, culture, identity, and religious customs is an identity and cultural threat. The present research has investigated the definitions of cultural security and through the application of descriptive-analytical methods, has identified the components of cultural security. Despite numerous articles on cultural security, a review of the research background shows the importance of the research hypothesis and its scientific gap in the theoretical literature of architecture and urban planning.Data and MethodThe components of cultural security can be examined in 5 areas:• Attention to the principles of belief: Includes worship and worship and all activities carried out in order to perform religious duties.• Lifestyle: Includes a way of life based on dos and don’ts and derived from the rules and laws of life that arise from the requirements of reason, Islamic law, and custom.• Social traditions and rituals: Includes ceremonies, rituals, methods, and processes that express the way of activity and behavior in a specific area or a specific subject based on collective wisdom.• Historical achievements and civilization-building: Includes all accumulations and experiences that rely on the principle of completion and evolution achieved over time and are based on the internal development of a product and its perfection over time.• Positive influence from other cultures: Includes experiences that are consistent with the native culture that have emerged during cultural interactions.To conduct field studies, a research package questionnaire was prepared based on the explained indicators for the five components and made available to citizens online. The statistical sample of the present study is the citizens of Shahroud city, which, through the calculation of the Cochran formula, the statistical sample size is 384 people. The sampling method was carried out by random and irregular sampling method and by sending links to friends and acquaintances in different neighbourhood’s of the city. An attempt was made to distribute the questionnaire link in such a way that people from different neighbourhood’s had the chance to participate in the evaluation. Therefore, people were asked to make sure to provide the link to their friends from different neighbourhood’s. The questionnaire was made with a Likert spectrum and a 5-option scale, which is part of the questions related to the demographic information of the respondents. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by examining 25 relevant and concerned experts on the subject. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined through Cronbach's Alpha. The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.86, which indicates that the set of items (from all components) are generally consistent and homogeneous and can well measure the overall construct of security.Results and DiscussionAccording to the findings, cultural security in the case sample is at an average level. Of the 5 components of "belief principles", "historical achievements and civilization-building", "traditions and rituals", "positive influence from other cultures" and "lifestyle", the highest average score is related to "belief principles" and, conversely, the lowest average is related to "lifestyle". In examining the correlation between the components, there are positive and relatively strong relationships between the components. The standardized regression coefficients showed that the strongest relationship is between cultural security and positive influence from other cultures, and the weakest relationship is related to cultural security and belief principles. ConclusionThe present study demonstrates the city's strong capacity to explain cultural security and create a platform for realizing a desirable and ideal culture. Given the necessity of paying attention to culture and identity in contemporary Iranian urban planning, it is essential to pay more attention to the indicators of realizing cultural security in new urban developments. In light of the studies conducted, strategies for directing social activities in parks and public spaces, planning flexible spaces within neighbourhood’s, developing the concept of neighbourhood and neighbourhood-centricity, trying to socialize cities while paying attention to the social nature of neighbourhood’s in local culture, reviving traditional arts, promoting the role of public building courtyards as urban spaces, creating a platform for presence, respecting the elderly and disabled, and creating active social opportunities, paying attention to the social and cultural role of mosques and religious buildings in addition to their worship function, utilizing urban arts, and paying attention to the human dignity of space will be useful in strengthening cultural security in cities. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733468.html Results and discussionEnvironmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Valuable urban spaces from an environmental aesthetics perspective include: Exposure to nature, the presence of sustainable plants, the absence of traffic and noise pollution, the presence of natural places, the preservation of natural resources, creating a positive feeling in the individual by observing hygiene and cleanliness, inducing a sense of peace, arousing a sense of aesthetics, spatial organization such as clarity and lighting, coordination and organization of elements, appropriate location, attention to social and historical characteristics. In addition, there have been bans in various countries under the name of urban aesthetic control, including; Signage restrictions, height restrictions, overall coordination of buildings, off-street parking and loading areas, specific landscape elements required, percentage of open space required, Review of volume and mass, materials and texture, color and finish, style and character, maximum and minimum building and parking lot sizes, visual regulations, air pollution, underground utility requirements, percentage of site designated for landscaping, silhouette or cross-section review, facade clarity review, public art, etc. Environmental aesthetics is the experience of understanding the environment through the examination and study of the perceptual quality of space, a space that is not merely visual. Analyzing the meaning of symbols in an image can make the transmission of graphic design information more scientific, more precise, and increase the expression techniques that are applicable in the field of artistic creation and graphic design and play a vital role in culture and information between people. Symbols in semiotics are systematic symbols that people use to convey meaning. A symbol in graphic design, as a non-verbal sign, has many similarities to linguistic symbols. Patterns contain symbols and act as a powerful medium for expressing cultural identity, religious values, and geographical diversity. The feeling of security in urban spaces is considered one of the most important indicators of the quality of space, and conversely, the feeling of insecurity and the concerns arising from it overshadow other human activities. Although security is a complex issue with diverse and numerous socio-economic and cultural dimensions, the role and impact of environmental factors should not be overlooked in ensuring this. Security has always been considered one of the most fundamental needs and one of the main factors in the sustainability of human societies, and with the increasing complexity of societies, the conditions for providing and resolving it have also become more complex.ConclusionAs a sample, 12 urban graphic works of Mashhad and the motifs used in them were examined and studied, based on the type of motif, to the extent possible and the time allowed for discussion. The results of this study show that there are many commonalities between pre-Islamic and post-Islamic motifs in Iran. Based on the research objectives, the history of the formation of motifs in Iran is classified into early motifs, ancient motifs, and Islamic motifs, and the motifs used in the graphics of Mashhad can be classified into various types: plant, human, animal, abstract, composite, written, and geometric motifs. The present study explains that the images used in Mashhad's urban graphic works are not used solely for decoration, and the majority of them have a valuable historical and cultural background in Iran, so that one can understand the fascinating roots and significant connection of prehistoric images with Islamic images. In addition, the presence of the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) and the proximity of Ferdowsi's tomb, etc., have a significant impact on the selection of content and concepts of Mashhad's urban art. In response to the third question, the results indicate the significant role of cultural, artistic, economic, and social security of urban spaces in the creation and protection of urban graphic works and the transmission of the concepts of Iranian motifs before and after Islam to other generations. Environmental graphic works, as signs of visual language in messaging, convey the message to the audience in the shortest possible time. In the foundations of urban aesthetics, the most important factors in the value of urban spaces are the presence of valuable works of art, safety and security, and the manifestation of cultural, social, and historical characteristics in urban spaces, which increase the aesthetic values of the city, as well as improving the visual level of urban spaces and creating interactive and memorable spaces that have a significant impact on the audience. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733477.html IntroductionDue to its geographical location, climatic conditions and geological situation, Iran is considered one of the countries exposed to natural disasters in the world, and the historical records of various disasters, including floods, earthquakes, landslides and subsidence in its area, indicate the possibility of recurrence of severe disasters in the future. According to published statistics, Iran is among the 10 most disaster-prone countries in the world in terms of unexpected events. For this purpose, the aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the level of skill of citizens of the Shohada and Baharestan Payin neighborhoods of Saqqez in dealing with the natural hazard of earthquakes, in order to identify the skill status of citizens of selected neighborhoods of Saqqez and prioritize these factors using conventional methods and field surveys.Research MethodThis research is quantitative in nature and applied in purpose. On the other hand, since in this research we analyze and study the "position of earthquake risk management skills among citizens", it is a descriptive research. On the other hand, since in descriptive research the characteristics of the studied community can be evaluated through measurement, the present research is a measurement and applied research. In this research, in the first stage, theoretical discussions on the subject and literature of earthquake risk management will be collected and compiled with an emphasis on the role of skill. The historical research method has been selected based on the information provided in articles and library documents, and in addition, important and effective criteria and criteria in earthquake risk skills will be prepared and compiled, and the necessary and sufficient knowledge of the city has been acquired. After this, the required statistical and descriptive information has been obtained by referring to relevant departments and organizations and various city websites, questionnaires, and obtaining information from various individuals (neighborhoods under study), and the necessary results will be obtained and analyzed. In relation to the method and tool of collecting information regarding the status of skills among the citizens of Saqqez, the quantitative research method (using the questionnaire tool) and the documentary method (examining existing documents and records in this regard) will be used. In the documentary method, forms, administrative documents and letters, reports and articles of related institutions and organizations will be used, and in the field method, questionnaires, observation, and interviews with participation will be used.Discussion and findingsConsidering the population of the two neighborhoods of Shohada and Baharestan Payin, in order to ensure the generalizability of the results, the sample size was determined as 384 people through the Cochran formula and distributed among the target statistical population, including the citizens of the region and visitors, by simple random method. The data collection method was based on field observation and interviews. After reviewing the theoretical foundations related to the subject and extracting the most important indicators, the aforementioned questionnaire was designed as a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of closed, two-way, multi-way, rank-ordered and open-ended questions. The closed questions (49 questions) were designed in the form of five Likert scales (from very low to very high) in 6 dimensions: awareness and knowledge, skills, attitudes, social capital, intensity and ability to compensate for damages, and the context and relationships of institutional performance. After the above steps and receiving the respondents' feedback, the data was categorized using SPSS software and the average of each dimension was calculated. Then, according to the citizens' responses, the average of their responses was compared with the theoretical average of each item of the dimensions, and finally the results were analyzed with a one-sample t-test.In this part of the research, a one-sample t-test was used to examine and analyze the level of skill of the citizens of Saqqez city in dealing with the natural hazard of earthquakes. In this regard, it should be said that since the spectrum used in this research is a 5-scale Likert scale, the numerical value (3) has been assumed. Obviously, items whose average is above 3 are considered as a desirable situation, and otherwise they will be analyzed as an undesirable situation.ConclusionUnderstanding the terrain of the urban settlement and the morphodynamic characteristics of the slopes, as well as considering their high sensitivity to rapid changes in determining the process of urban physical development and dealing with potential hazards, can be very effective. In this regard, urban land use planning, by considering natural and terrain characteristics as well as historical events and examining seismic probabilities, can play a role in reducing vulnerability and preventing it. In fact, planning for the direction of urban land use requires access to very precise information that has been obtained through continuous surveys, part of which consists of data related to the tectonic characteristics of the city's settlement base and its uses. The location of many Iranian cities at the foot of slopes and the location of Quaternary fault trends on the border between mountains and plains is considered one of the bottlenecks in the expansion of the country's cities. Saqqez is also one of the cities that is partly located on a fault. The results of the final assessment of the skill dimensions of citizens in dealing with earthquake hazards in the two neighborhoods of Shohada and Baharestan Payin, while indicating differences in internal dimensions, show that Baharestan Payin has a better overall situation in terms of indicators and skill dimensions of dealing with earthquakes. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733664.html Extended Abstract: Introduction The 2022 report from the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) shows a worrying increase in the frequency of global hazards, emphasizing the urgent need for accurate hazard prediction and risk assessment. Among natural hazards, the most important hazard that imposes numerous challenges and damages on cities is earthquakes. In other words, earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural events due to their unpredictability, the vastness of their impact area, and the physical, socio-economic, and psychological destruction they cause. Earthquakes can also cause psychological effects and mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. As a result, today's cities face increasing levels of uncertainty and vulnerability, especially to natural hazards such as earthquakes. Therefore, in order to face these hazards and other crises, the concept of urban resilience is becoming increasingly important. Resilience does not just mean returning to normal in the face of external changes; it also includes adaptation and reducing vulnerability. For this purpose, considering the importance of resilience in dealing with various hazards and crises, the present study was written with the aim of developing an effective resilience planning model against natural hazards with an emphasis on earthquakes in Tabriz metropolis. Methodology The research method in the present study is mixed in terms of type (quantitative and qualitative), applied in terms of purpose, and analytical and exploratory in nature. In this study, first, by reviewing theoretical texts and literature, as well as interviewing urban crisis management experts, the components of effective resilience planning against earthquake hazards based on international discourses were identified, and then, by questioning the sample size and utilizing structural equation modeling in Amos software, the effectiveness of each component was examined. Also, in order to formulate strategies and a desirable model for effective resilience planning for Tabriz metropolis against earthquake hazards, have been used the extracted components and their refinement in the dimensions of resilience (economic, social, cultural, physical, infrastructure, and institutional). At this stage, the method used is field research. It is worth noting that the statistical population of the study includes managers, officials, and academic elites in the field of urban crisis management, which due to the uncertainty of the number of the statistical population, the sample size was estimated using the Cohen method of 100. Results and discussion Based on the results obtained from the structural model, the most important components of effective resilience planning of Tabriz metropolis against earthquake hazards include preparedness-based planning, prevention-based planning, exposure-based planning, and reconstruction and empowerment-based planning, whose coefficients are 0.690, 0.605, 0.602, and 0.548, respectively. Among the sub-variables, the creation of integrated and educational structural organizations in the field of crises and how to prevent them, the formation of decision-making support and guidance systems to provide crisis preparedness strategies by benefiting from various expertise and public and institutional participation, the strengthening of collective diplomacy to participate with relevant institutions in order to face the crisis, and the creation of physical and non-physical enabling structures for optimal and effective action after the effects and results of the crisis are considered the most important components of effective resilience planning in Tabriz metropolis against earthquake risk, with coefficients of 0.785, 0.761, 0.744, and 0.727, respectively. Also, the final core model and category included governance based on policy review and the realization of an integrated organizational structure, institutional and social capacity building, revolving budgets, preparation of a basis for risk zoning, and early warning and recovery systems. Conclusion Tabriz metropolis is considered one of the seismically active cities in Iran, and the presence of active faults and high seismicity, especially in the northern part of the city, on the one hand, and the extensive dilapidated urban fabric and unstable buildings, high population density and infrastructure, as well as fundamental shortcomings in the management system, have made this city vulnerable to earthquake crises. For this purpose, it is necessary to take fundamental measures with an emphasis on comprehensive approaches such as resilience to face earthquakes. Based on the results of the research and on the principles of resilience proposed in various international discourses, city resilience planning is feasible in four stages and levels of prevention, preparedness, response, and reconstruction and empowerment. Also, integration of economic, social, cultural, physical, infrastructure, and institutional dimensions is mandatory in each of these stages. In other words, each level of urban resilience planning includes different dimensions, and comprehensiveness in planning these dimensions with the participation of all stakeholders is considered the main key to success in facing the earthquake crisis. Therefore, urban crisis management needs to provide the foundations for making the city resilient to various hazards, especially earthquakes, by creating integration in the management system and emphasizing a participatory approach, integrating different elements and dimensions in planning, separating interventions in different contexts and emphasizing local planning, promoting social and economic structures, and also modeling successful global examples and localizing them based on the principles emphasized in international discourses. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733698.html Rapid urban population growth and the increasing demand for intensive land use have led to the widespread construction of incompatible structures within central urban areas, particularly in historic and deteriorating fabric, often disregarding contextual integrity and cultural identity. In this context, adopting an infill development approach that simultaneously preserves the historic fabric and enhances its functional and spatial capacities has become essential. This study aims to identify the key components and criteria of infill development, with an emphasis on contextual adaptation, and to propose infill-based strategies for the regeneration of the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square in Tabriz. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical methodology based on a case study approach, utilizing both documentary library sources and field observations. Following the formulation of a conceptual model encompassing physical, functional, economic, and legal dimensions, the identified criteria were analyzed using a weighted SWOT model to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the area. The findings indicate that the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square falls within the defensive quadrant of the SWOT framework. Accordingly, defensive strategies were proposed, focusing on preserving authenticity and historical coherence, mitigating functional deficiencies, resolving conflicts of development-related legal frameworks, and strengthening the local economy through cultural tourism-oriented initiatives.Rapid urban population growth and the increasing demand for intensive land use have led to the widespread construction of incompatible structures within central urban areas, particularly in historic and deteriorating fabric, often disregarding contextual integrity and cultural identity. In this context, adopting an infill development approach that simultaneously preserves the historic fabric and enhances its functional and spatial capacities has become essential. This study aims to identify the key components and criteria of infill development, with an emphasis on contextual adaptation, and to propose infill-based strategies for the regeneration of the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square in Tabriz. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical methodology based on a case study approach, utilizing both documentary library sources and field observations. Following the formulation of a conceptual model encompassing physical, functional, economic, and legal dimensions, the identified criteria were analyzed using a weighted SWOT model to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the area. The findings indicate that the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square falls within the defensive quadrant of the SWOT framework. Accordingly, defensive strategies were proposed, focusing on preserving authenticity and historical coherence, mitigating functional deficiencies, resolving conflicts of development-related legal frameworks, and strengthening the local economy through cultural tourism-oriented initiatives.Rapid urban population growth and the increasing demand for intensive land use have led to the widespread construction of incompatible structures within central urban areas, particularly in historic and deteriorating fabric, often disregarding contextual integrity and cultural identity. In this context, adopting an infill development approach that simultaneously preserves the historic fabric and enhances its functional and spatial capacities has become essential. This study aims to identify the key components and criteria of infill development, with an emphasis on contextual adaptation, and to propose infill-based strategies for the regeneration of the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square in Tabriz. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical methodology based on a case study approach, utilizing both documentary library sources and field observations. Following the formulation of a conceptual model encompassing physical, functional, economic, and legal dimensions, the identified criteria were analyzed using a weighted SWOT model to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the area. The findings indicate that the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square falls within the defensive quadrant of the SWOT framework. Accordingly, defensive strategies were proposed, focusing on preserving authenticity and historical coherence, mitigating functional deficiencies, resolving conflicts of development-related legal frameworks, and strengthening the local economy through cultural tourism-oriented initiatives.Rapid urban population growth and the increasing demand for intensive land use have led to the widespread construction of incompatible structures within central urban areas, particularly in historic and deteriorating fabric, often disregarding contextual integrity and cultural identity. In this context, adopting an infill development approach that simultaneously preserves the historic fabric and enhances its functional and spatial capacities has become essential. This study aims to identify the key components and criteria of infill development, with an emphasis on contextual adaptation, and to propose infill-based strategies for the regeneration of the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square in Tabriz. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical methodology based on a case study approach, utilizing both documentary library sources and field observations. Following the formulation of a conceptual model encompassing physical, functional, economic, and legal dimensions, the identified criteria were analyzed using a weighted SWOT model to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the area. The findings indicate that the historical fabric of Kahforoushan Square falls within the defensive quadrant of the SWOT framework. Accordingly, defensive strategies were proposed, focusing on preserving authenticity and historical coherence, mitigating functional deficiencies, resolving conflicts of development-related legal frameworks, and strengthening the local economy through cultural tourism-oriented initiatives. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733772.html IntroductionCyberattacks are one of the primary threats to all types of communication networks, particularly in the industrial sector. Cyberattacks against the industry can affect managers, such as phishing attacks, or threaten communication and network infrastructures, including malware. Cyberattacks against the industry can include a wide range of activities, including botnets, malware, ransomware, phishing, and DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks. Oil infrastructures, with the aim of sustainable development, require intelligent mechanisms to deal with cyber attacks. Today, various cyberattacks are carried out against the infrastructures of oil-producing countries, which reduce the production and exploitation of oil and gas fields. In other words, one of the industries that these attacks can severely impact is the oil and gas industry, as it holds a significant share of a country's economy. Cyberattacks can hinder sustainable development in oil fields; therefore, providing approaches to detect attacks on oil infrastructure is crucial for maintaining stability.MethodologyIntrusion detection systems can detect cyber attacks by analyzing network traffic to oil infrastructure. One approach that can be used to detect attacks against oil fields is to use artificial intelligence techniques such as deep learning and swarm intelligence. Deep learning methods can detect the occurrence of cyber attacks by analyzing communication network traffic in oil and gas fields and issue the necessary warning. Although deep learning methods for detecting cyber attacks are efficient, they have several challenges that impair their performance. The imbalance between the two classes of attack and regular traffic in the training dataset, the lack of intelligent feature selection, and the inability to extract spatial and temporal features from network traffic are some of the challenges faced by artificial intelligence and deep learning methods in detecting cyber attacks on oil and gas fields. In this paper, a hybrid approach based on a CNN neural network and BiLSTM with GAN network theory is presented for the cyber defense of oil fields. In the proposed approach, the deep learning architecture of a GAN is utilized to generate hostile attacks. The role of GAN is as an artificial intelligence and deep learning approach to balance datasets and create sophisticated attacks, thereby increasing the ability of the cyber defense system to face zero-day and new attacks. In the second stage, three strategies — XGBoost, Chi-square (Chi2), and RF — are employed for group feature selection. The CNN neural network is then combined with BiLSTM to analyze complex spatial and temporal features in detecting cyber attacks. The combination of two deep learning neural models, CNN and BiLSTM, enhances the intrusion detection system's ability to detect cyber attacks.Results and discussionTo evaluate the cyber defense system, a real PLC-based network and a dataset related to simulating attacks on oil and gas companies are used. Evaluations show that the proposed method for detecting cyber attacks on oil and gas fields achieves an accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of 99.95%, 99.91%, and 99.94%, respectively, in the PLC1 dataset. In the PLC1 dataset, the proposed method is also more accurate than the RF, NB, DT, KNN, and SVM methods. Evaluations showed that the proposed method outperforms the LSTM, BiLSTM, MS1DCNN, and MS1DCNN+BiLSTM in detecting cyber attacks. The proposed method has a more accurate ability to detect cyber attacks due to proper balancing. The proposed method achieves accuracies of 99.88%, 99.82%, 99.67%, 99.43%, and 99.05% in detecting attacks, DoS, Code Execution, Scanning, MITM, and Port Scanning, respectively. The proposed method achieves the highest accuracy in detecting DoS attacks, and the evaluations also indicate that most attacks against oil and gas fields are of the DoS type. The EfficientTransformer method competes with the proposed method in detecting DoS cyber attacks, and the evaluations show that CNN-LSTM competes with the proposed method in executing code attacks. The training time of the proposed method is 218 seconds, which is less than that of the EfficientTransformer, LSTM, ResNet, RNN, DNN, and CNN-LSTM methods. This reduction is attributed to the feature selection in the proposed method, which results in a decrease in the number of input dimensions.ConclusionOilfield development appears largely infeasible without addressing the regular cyberattacks carried out against oil infrastructure. Deep learning methods, such as CNN and LSTM, are prominent examples of artificial intelligence techniques that can be used to analyze network traffic and detect cyberattacks. The use of hybrid feature selection methods yields the selection of higher-quality features for network traffic detection, utilizing CNN and BiLSTM artificial intelligence tools. The use of a GAN-based deep learning architecture in the proposed method enables it to detect unknown cyberattacks with greater accuracy. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_733871.html Introduction The oil, gas, and petrochemical sector constitutes the backbone of Iran’s economy and is characterized by large-scale, capital-intensive projects that require rigorous planning, effective management, and systematic safety assurance. Among the most critical phases of such projects is equipment procurement, which plays a decisive role in ensuring operational safety, technical reliability, cost efficiency, and timely project delivery. Due to technical complexity, international sanctions, economic volatility, and the diversity of specialized equipment, inadequately secured procurement processes may lead to financial losses, safety incidents, quality degradation, schedule delays, and disruptions during commissioning and operation.The Bidboland flare gas recovery project, located in Khuzestan Province and recognized as the largest gas refinery in West Asia, represents a strategic national initiative aimed at capturing flared gas, reducing environmental pollution, and enhancing petrochemical production capacity. Although the refinery has a designed processing capacity of approximately two billion standard cubic feet of gas per day, it currently operates at nearly 40% capacity due to feedstock limitations. The recovery and transmission of associated gas from surrounding oil fields are essential for achieving full operational capacity. Given the strategic importance, scale, and complexity of this project, ensuring a safety-oriented equipment supply chain is crucial, as any disruption in procurement directly affects project cost, schedule, quality, and commissioning safety.Previous studies emphasize the importance of proactive and structured approaches to securing equipment procurement in large industrial projects. Research has shown that insufficient attention to procurement safety can result in cost overruns, delays, and serious safety incidents (Peck & Kowaruska, 2013; Adafin et al., 2016; El-Redy, 2012). More recent studies highlight procurement challenges related to supplier reliability, equipment authenticity, logistics constraints, sanctions, and financial instability, underscoring the necessity of systematic safety-oriented procurement management in oil and gas megaprojects (Abdulameer & Haron, 2022; Forough et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022; Zein & Hassan, 2022).Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the key components affecting the safety of the equipment supply chain in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project and to propose practical managerial and preventive strategies for enhancing procurement safety. The study seeks to address two main questions: (1) What are the critical factors influencing safety-oriented equipment procurement in the project? and (2) Which managerial and preventive measures can effectively enhance procurement safety and reliability?BackgroundSafety-oriented procurement management refers to a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and controlling potential disruptions in the equipment supply chain to ensure technical compliance, quality assurance, operational safety, and project continuity (ISO, 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). In large-scale oil and gas projects, equipment procurement is a strategic function due to specialized technical requirements, financial exposure, logistical complexity, and external constraints such as sanctions and market volatility (Farooq et al., 2020; Abdulameer & Haron, 2022). Ensuring procurement safety involves supplier qualification, verification of technical specifications, quality inspections, logistics supervision, and continuous monitoring of supply chain performance to prevent the use of substandard or non-compliant equipment (Hosseini et al., 2019; Zein & Hassan, 2022). Key dimensions influencing procurement safety include technical and quality aspects, financial and currency conditions, logistics and commercial arrangements, contractual and legal frameworks, political and sanctions-related constraints, and compliance with safety standards. Effective management of these dimensions enhances overall project safety, quality, cost control, and schedule performance (Farooq et al., 2020; Wang & Liu, 2022).According to PMBOK (2021) and ISO 31000 (2019), systematic identification and evaluation of procurement-related uncertainties—through data collection, environmental analysis, expert consultation, document review, classification, and continuous updating—form the foundation for safety-oriented decision-making in complex projects.MethodologyThis study is applied in purpose and qualitative in methodology. A thematic analysis approach was employed to identify concepts, patterns, and themes related to safety-oriented equipment procurement in the Bidboland flare gas recovery project. Data were collected through document review, analysis of project reports, and semi-structured interviews with project managers, technical supervisors, and procurement specialists selected via purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Interview transcripts were analyzed through three stages of coding: open coding to extract initial concepts, axial coding to categorize related concepts, and selective coding to identify core themes associated with procurement safety. Expert judgment was used to assess the probability and impact of identified procurement disruptions using a five-point scale. The resulting priority indices were calculated and used to classify components into low, medium, and high safety-priority levels. The research process was aligned with ISO 31000 guidelines and PMBOK standards to ensure methodological rigor and applicability to industrial oil and gas projects.FindingsThe analysis led to the identification of 35 components affecting the safety of equipment procurement in the flare gas recovery project. These components were structured in cause–effect relationships and evaluated in terms of probability and impact. Based on expert assessment, 23 components were classified as having high safety priority, indicating a critical need for managerial attention and preventive action. For each high-priority component, appropriate safety-oriented strategies were formulated to enhance procurement reliability and project safety.Results and discussionThe findings demonstrate that safety-oriented management of equipment procurement is strongly influenced by coordination among project stakeholders, quality control mechanisms, supplier reliability, logistical planning, and external economic and regulatory conditions. The proposed strategies—derived from expert experience and best practices in similar industrial projects—emphasize preventive planning, enhanced quality assurance, supplier evaluation, contractual clarity, and continuous monitoring of procurement activities. Implementing these strategies can significantly reduce financial and human losses, improve equipment quality, and prevent schedule delays. Overall, adopting a structured and safety-oriented approach to equipment procurement contributes to improving the safety, efficiency, and timely execution of large-scale flare gas recovery projects.ConciusionThe results of this study provide a practical and systematic framework for enhancing safety-oriented equipment procurement in oil and gas projects. The identified components and proposed strategies can support managerial decision-making, improve supply chain resilience, and promote sustainable and safe project execution. The framework developed in this research can be applied to similar industrial projects, particularly in the context of flare gas recovery initiatives. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_734039.html IntroductionUrban areas are increasingly exposed to natural disasters due to rapid population growth, spatial concentration of infrastructure, and intensified climate-related hazards. As a result, urban resilience has emerged as a critical concept in regional and urban planning, aiming to reduce vulnerability and enhance the capacity of cities to absorb, adapt to, and recover from disruptive events. Urban resilience goes beyond merely returning to pre-disaster conditions and emphasizes adaptive learning, institutional flexibility, and long-term sustainability. In disaster-prone regions, understanding resilience at sub-national scales is particularly important, as spatial disparities in socio-economic, infrastructural, and institutional capacities strongly influence disaster outcomes.Kurdistan Province, located in western Iran within the Zagros mountain range, is characterized by complex topography, dispersed settlements, and varying levels of development across its counties. The province has experienced multiple natural hazards in recent decades, including earthquakes, floods, and landslides, resulting in significant human, economic, and infrastructural losses. Despite these recurring events, comprehensive assessments of resilience at the county level remain limited. Existing studies often focus on single hazards or emphasize vulnerability rather than resilience as a multidimensional and dynamic capacity.This study aims to assess and compare the level of resilience of counties in Kurdistan Province against natural disasters over three time periods (1996, 2006, and 2016) using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC) model. The main objectives are: (1) to identify key resilience indicators applicable at the county level based on data availability; (2) to analyze temporal changes in resilience across counties; and (3) to classify counties into resilience groups to support evidence-based regional planning. Accordingly, the research addresses the following questions: How has the level of resilience in Kurdistan counties evolved over time? Which counties exhibit higher or lower resilience capacities? What structural patterns can be identified to guide future resilience-oriented policies?MethodologyThis research is applied in nature and adopts a descriptive–analytical approach. The conceptual framework is based on the BRIC model, which conceptualizes resilience as a multidimensional construct encompassing social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, community, and environmental dimensions. Due to data constraints at the county level, a set of 20 indicators consistent with the BRIC framework was selected using official census and statistical data for the years 1996, 2006, and 2016.Data analysis was conducted in several stages. First, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to identify underlying resilience dimensions and assign weights to the selected indicators. The suitability of the data for factor analysis was confirmed through the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation was used to extract and interpret factors. Based on eigenvalues and scree plot analysis, four major factors explaining a substantial proportion of variance were retained.In the next stage, standardized factor scores were used as inputs for cluster analysis. The K-means clustering method was employed to classify counties into distinct resilience groups for each time period. This approach enabled a comparative assessment of spatial and temporal resilience patterns across the province. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software.Results and discussionThe results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed four dominant resilience dimensions, reflecting combinations of social services and infrastructure capacity, emergency and health facilities, demographic and employment characteristics, and economic participation and social cohesion. These dimensions collectively represent the multifaceted nature of resilience and highlight the interdependence between physical infrastructure and socio-economic conditions.Cluster analysis classified the counties into three resilience levels: low, medium, and high resilience. The findings indicate a clear temporal improvement in overall resilience across Kurdistan Province. In 1996, most counties were concentrated in the low-resilience cluster, reflecting limited infrastructure, weaker institutional capacity, and lower access to essential services. By 2006, an intermediate pattern emerged, with several counties transitioning into the medium-resilience group.In 2016, resilience levels improved noticeably, with the majority of counties classified as moderately or highly resilient. Sanandaj, the provincial capital, consistently ranked highest across all three periods, benefiting from better access to healthcare, education, infrastructure, and economic opportunities. In contrast, counties such as Bijar and Divandareh repeatedly appeared in the low-resilience cluster, indicating persistent structural disadvantages and slower development trajectories.The observed trends suggest that investments in public services, infrastructure expansion, and socio-economic development have contributed to enhanced resilience over time. However, the uneven distribution of these improvements underscores the importance of place-based and context-sensitive resilience planning. Without targeted interventions, existing disparities may continue to reproduce vulnerability in less-developed counties.ConclusionThis study provides a longitudinal and spatially explicit assessment of urban and regional resilience against natural disasters in Kurdistan Province using the BRIC framework. The findings demonstrate that resilience is not static but evolves over time in response to development policies, infrastructure investment, and institutional capacity building. While overall resilience has increased between 1996 and 2016, significant inter-county disparities remain.The results highlight the necessity of integrating resilience indicators into regional planning and disaster risk management strategies. Policymakers should prioritize counties with consistently low resilience by strengthening emergency services, improving infrastructure, promoting economic diversification, and enhancing community participation. Moreover, adapting the BRIC model to local socio-cultural and environmental contexts can improve its effectiveness as a planning tool.By offering a systematic and comparative resilience assessment, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on disaster resilience in developing and hazard-prone regions. The methodological framework and findings can inform future studies and support evidence-based decision-making aimed at reducing vulnerability and fostering sustainable regional development.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_734774.html A B S T R A C TIn recent years, the perception of architectural space has increasingly been examined through the interaction between sensory inputs and cognitive processes, supported by neuropsychological evidence. However, the existing body of literature remains fragmented and lacks an integrative framework capable of synthesizing dominant patterns in this field. This study employs a systematic review methodology to analyse the sensory and cognitive components influencing architectural space perception and the neuropsychological measures used to assess them. A structured search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science, and after applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 44 peer-reviewed research articles were selected for analysis. Data were extracted using a standardized form and examined through thematic analysis across four main axes.The findings indicate that sensory components of architectural perception can be organized into five major clusters—visual, auditory, tactile–thermal, olfactory/air-quality, and kinaesthetic–embodied—which systematically interact with cognitive constructs such as legibility and wayfinding, spatial complexity, meaning and identity, memory, evaluative judgment, and cognitive load. The analysis of recurring patterns across studies demonstrates that the quality of these interactions shapes key outcomes, including psychological restoration, emotion regulation, variations in cognitive performance, sense of place formation, and spatial behavioural patterns.At the theoretical level, three dominant families—environmental and restorative psychology, phenomenology and embodiment, and cognitive neuroscience—provide explanatory foundations for understanding sensory–cognitive integration. By synthesizing dispersed findings, this review proposes an integrated conceptual framework for architectural space perception that supports the development of multisensory design, human-centred architecture, and evidence-based design strategies.IntroductionPerception of architectural space is increasingly understood as the outcome of intertwined sensory and cognitive processes rather than a purely visual response to form and façade. Over the past two decades, advances in environmental psychology, phenomenology and cognitive neuroscience, together with new tools such as virtual reality, eye-tracking and EEG, have generated a rapidly growing but fragmented body of research on how built environments affect attention, emotion, memory, wayfinding and well-being. Despite this expansion, there is still no coherent map of which sensory and cognitive components are most frequently studied, how they are operationalised, and which theoretical and methodological frameworks underpin this work. Addressing this gap is essential for moving from scattered case studies to evidence-based, human-centred and multisensory architectural design.MethodologyThis study adopts a systematic review methodology to identify, classify and synthesise empirical research on the sensory and cognitive components of architectural space perception, with a particular focus on studies using neuropsychological and physiological measures. A structured search was conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science databases on 20 October 2025, using combinations of terms related to architectural space and built environment, spatial perception constructs (e.g. wayfinding, legibility, complexity, coherence) and neurophysiological or psychophysiological indicators (e.g. EEG, fMRI, fNIRS, eye-tracking, galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, cognitive load). No temporal restriction was imposed in order to capture the full evolution of the field.Inclusion criteria required that studies (a) were empirical, peer-reviewed journal articles with full text available in English or Persian; (b) focused explicitly on the perception of architectural or urban spaces, whether real, simulated (e.g. VR) or represented (images, videos, renderings, models); (c) involved human participants; and (d) reported at least one sensory–cognitive outcome, measured either through validated self-report instruments or objective neurophysiological and behavioural indicators. Excluded were purely theoretical or review papers, studies on non-architectural stimuli (e.g. artworks, products, landscapes without built form), animal studies, and sources with insufficient methodological detail.The initial search returned 19 records in Web of Science and 22,022 in Scopus. After filtering by subject area, document type, language and source type, 3,113 records remained. Titles and abstracts were screened against the inclusion criteria, leading to the selection of 44 articles for full-text review and qualitative synthesis. Data were extracted using a standardised form capturing bibliographic information, study design, sample characteristics, type of spatial stimulus, manipulations or descriptors of environmental features, sensory and cognitive measures, theoretical framing and key findings. A thematic analysis was then undertaken to organise the material into four overarching axes: sensory components, cognitive components and outcomes, theoretical approaches, and methodological strategies and instruments.Results and discussionThe synthesis shows that sensory aspects of architectural perception can be structured into five major clusters. Visual components remain the most extensively studied and include light and illumination (natural and artificial, intensity, distribution), colour characteristics, form and geometry (height, enclosure, curvature, scale) and visual texture and materiality, alongside visual legibility and landmarking. These features are consistently linked to impressions of spaciousness, clarity, aesthetic preference, and to indicators such as gaze patterns, attention allocation and neural activation. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_734930.html IntroductionThe rapid growth of urbanization, increasing population density, and the concentration of vital activities in cities have significantly heightened the vulnerability of urban spaces to various natural and human-made hazards. In this context, metropolitan areas, due to the complexity of their physical structure, high population density, concentration of critical infrastructures, and strategic role within the national urban network, are more exposed to security threats and multiple crises than other settlements. Urban emergency shelters, as one of the most effective tools for reducing human casualties and enhancing urban resilience, play a key role in crisis management and urban defense. However, the effectiveness of these spaces is highly dependent on scientific, purposeful site selection that is compatible with the city’s physical, demographic, environmental, and security conditions. In this regard, the passive defense approach, with its emphasis on reducing vulnerability, ensuring the continuity of vital functions, and protecting citizens’ lives against natural and human-made threats, provides a strategic framework for the location of urban shelters. A review of the research background indicates that although numerous studies in Iran have addressed the site selection of urban shelters from a passive defense perspective, most of these studies have focused on central metropolises or border cities, while Shiraz, as a major metropolis in the south of the country, has received relatively limited attention. Moreover, the absence of a systematic synthesis of criteria and indicators used in domestic studies underscores the necessity of conducting a combined study employing a systematic review and spatial analysis approach.MethodologyThe present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature, and it was conducted using a multi-criteria decision-making approach and spatial analyses within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The study area is District 10 of Shiraz Municipality, selected as the largest urban district of this metropolis and one of the main centers of population and physical development in the northwest of the city. Research data were collected through a library–field method. In the first stage, through a systematic review and synthesis of 20 domestic scientific–research articles related to the site selection of urban shelters from a passive defense perspective, the effective criteria and indicators were extracted and integrated. Accordingly, ten final indicators were identified across four dimensions: demographic, physical, environmental–natural, and functional. In the next stage, the information layers for each indicator were prepared and updated using data from Shiraz Municipality’s comprehensive and detailed plans as well as OpenStreetMap data. Subsequently, to weight the criteria and indicators, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was applied based on the opinions of ten experts in the fields of geography, urban planning, crisis management, and passive defense. After standardizing the layers using fuzzy membership functions and applying the weights, the layer overlay process was carried out using the Fuzzy Overlay tool in the GIS environment, and ultimately, the zoning map of the most suitable locations for the establishment of urban shelters was produced.Results and discussionThe results of the weighting of criteria indicated that demographic and security indicators hold the greatest importance in the site selection of urban shelters. Accordingly, the indicator of “high population density areas,” with a weight of 0.167, and “distance from potential enemy targets,” with a weight of 0.142, received the highest priorities. This finding suggests that protecting large population concentrations and avoiding the placement of shelters in proximity to sensitive and potentially military targets are among the most critical considerations of passive defense at the urban scale. Subsequently, the indicators of “population-attracting centers” and “proximity to centers with supportive functions during crises,” each with a weight of 0.124, play a decisive role in enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of shelters. In contrast, indicators such as “land slope” (0.057) and “access to urban open spaces” (0.043) were assigned lower priorities. The results of the spatial analysis and layer overlay revealed that the most suitable zones for the establishment of urban shelters are mainly concentrated in Golestan Town and parts of Beheshti Town. These zones achieved the highest suitability scores in the final model due to the simultaneous presence of high population density, major population-attracting centers such as universities and large commercial complexes, adequate coverage of supportive land uses, and an urban road network with good accessibility and multiple alternative routes. These results are consistent with the findings of domestic studies and, at the same time, place greater emphasis on the importance of security and functional indicators compared to foreign studies, which have predominantly focused on natural hazards.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that the site selection of urban emergency shelters based on a passive defense approach requires a perspective that goes beyond purely natural and physical criteria, and that simultaneous attention to demographic, security, and functional dimensions plays a decisive role in enhancing the effectiveness of these spaces. The findings can serve as a scientific basis for decision-making by urban managers and responsible institutions in planning for urban safety and resilience. Nevertheless, limitations such as access to up-to-date data, the limited number of experts, and the lack of analysis of different threat scenarios constitute some of the challenges of the present research. It is recommended that future studies employ dynamic data, multiple threat scenarios, and more advanced hybrid models, and that other districts of the Shiraz metropolis as well as cities in the southern regions of the country be examined.KeywordsUrban Emergency Shelters, Passive Defence, FAHP method, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), ShirazFundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.