Safe City

Safe City

Challenges of Ensuring Cybersecurity in the Legal Systems of Iran and Iraq

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
glrn khalilhasan 1
Masoud Raei 2
Alireza Ansari Mahyari 3
1 PhD student in Public Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2047872.1150
Abstract
Introduction
Cybersecurity, as one of the most important issues in today's digital world, refers to a set of measures, technologies, and processes that aim to protect information systems, networks, and data from cyber threats and unauthorized access. Given the rapid growth of information and communication technologies and the increase in cyber threats, cybersecurity has become one of the major challenges in various countries, especially Iran and Iraq. This study examines the challenges of ensuring cybersecurity in the legal systems of these two countries, and its findings have shown the existing shortcomings and issues.
 
Methodology
The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical. In this study, special attention has been paid to the formulation and effectiveness of existing laws, regulatory structure, and public education. Accurate recognition of the challenges and weaknesses of this area can help clarify the legal and executive needs to improve the current situation.
 
Results and discussion
According to the results of this study, the first major challenge was the lack of a comprehensive and effective legal framework to combat cyber threats. Although a computer crime law was passed in Iran, this law failed to cover all new threats such as advanced cyber attacks. On the other hand, Iraq was unable to formulate appropriate laws in this field due to political and economic crises, which has jeopardized cybersecurity in this country. The second challenge was the lack of internal coordination and cooperation among government and private institutions. In Iran, the multiplicity of relevant institutions and their overlapping duties have caused delays in responding to cyber threats. In Iraq, structural weaknesses and lack of resources have prevented effective cooperation and led to further problems in cybersecurity. In addition, the findings showed that external cyber threats exist as a serious challenge in both countries. Iran faces cyber attacks from malicious groups and international competitors, and Iraq is under constant threats due to the presence of terrorist groups. Other key challenges include weak technical infrastructure and a lack of skilled cybersecurity personnel. Both countries need specialized training in this area to increase their capabilities against cyber threats.
Conclusion
The present study showed that cybersecurity challenges in the legal systems of Iran and Iraq significantly affect the performance and response of these countries to cyber threats. Legal shortcomings, lack of coordination between different institutions, and lack of resources and technical infrastructure have always been serious obstacles in this direction. According to the findings, it seems that fundamental reforms in legal frameworks and strengthening international and regional cooperation are necessary to effectively confront cyber threats. At the same time, implementing specialized training programs and investing in cybersecurity infrastructure are of particular importance as key strategies to increase capabilities and improve responsiveness to cyber attacks. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to create an integrated and coordinated approach to strengthen cybersecurity in both countries, so that effective and constructive measures can be taken against persistent and growing global threats. Overall, paying attention to national and international needs in the field of cybersecurity can help maintain the integrity of data and critical infrastructure in Iran and Iraq.
Keywords: Cyber ​​Threats, Cyber Crimes, Ensuring Cybersecurity, Iranian law, Iraqi law.
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
Keywords
Cybersecurity
Cybercrimes
Ensuring Cybersecurity
Iranian Law
Iraqi Law
Subjects
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