Introduction
The ecological perspective of man believes that many social harms and undesirable human behaviors can be considered to be affected by the physical conditions of the built environment and can be justified by considering the morphology and spatial structure of the city. In this regard, and especially from the perspective of urban geography, the present study is trying to identify and investigate the level of sense of security in Tabriz city areas by recognizing the environmental and social components (urbanization changes) of the spatial structure affecting the reproduction of residential spaces, and to present optimal solutions. Accordingly, the main goal of the present study is to answer the following question:  What effects and consequences have urbanization changes and spatial structure of the Tabriz metropolis had on the sense of security among citizens?
Research Method
This study is of an applied type based on its purpose and of an analytical-descriptive type based on its nature and method. To conduct this study, in accordance with its objectives, a mixed method was used. In this process, according to the objectives of the research, the survey method and questionnaire tool were used in the case study section and the evaluation of the effects of urbanization developments and spatial structure of cities on the sense of security among citizens, and the data collection tool in this method is a direct questionnaire (designing one question for each indicator). To determine the number of samples, cluster sampling method was used based on the Cochran formula, in which the distribution of samples was based on the population of the study area. To investigate the subject, statistical methods and related tests such as correlation, analysis of variance in the SPSS environment and structural equations in the Smart PLS software were used. The statistical population of this study, according to the Cochran formula, was determined as 384 people with an error level of 5 percent for the sample size. Given that the 10 regions of Tabriz have a mixed and diverse structure and regions with different levels of welfare and economic, social and cultural bases, a mixed or cluster sampling method was used. By adopting a combined approach in the literature and theories proposed in the two aforementioned concepts, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire questions were closed-ended questions and the question measurement scale was a Likert scale.
Discussion and Findings
A one-sample t-test was used to examine the status of the variables under study. For scoring, the average of the total scores of the questions of each component was considered as the basis, and considering the five-point Likert scale, the cut-off point of the questionnaire's mid-range was two. In the present study, the criterion for comparing the average was such that the empirical average (1-1.3) was evaluated at the undesirable level and (1.3-5) at the desirable level; therefore, the criterion average at the desirable level is equal to 1.3.
Conclusion T
he results of the one-sample t-test of the component of factors affecting the sense of security show that all economic, cultural, spatial and environmental, social and individual items are at the desired level (p<0.05 and the criterion mean is higher than 1.3). Finally, the factors affecting the sense of security are at the desired level (p<0.05 and the criterion mean is higher than 1.3). Also, using the Friedman test, the priority of the items was reported in order of importance; therefore, in the economic dimension, the importance of item "H5" was assigned as the first rank and item "H3" as the last rank, while the spatial-environmental dimension assigned the importance of item "L6" as the first rank and item "L8" as the last rank. The lack of significance of the Friedman test chi-square coefficient indicates the lack of priority and rank at the level of social dimensions. Using the Friedman test, the priority of the dimensions of factors affecting the sense of security was assigned to the first and last rank of the "social" dimension and the "cultural situation" dimension, respectively. While Figure 5 shows that a significant amount of influential factors such as economic, cultural, spatial and environmental, social and individual factors have moved out of the central areas of the city (areas 8, 4, 3 and 10) and moved towards the outskirts of the city. The ellipse of the standard deviation of these factors is not a complete and directional ellipse and indicates a scattered or random distribution that covers 68 percent of the factors related to the lack of a sense of security. Therefore, the level of the sense of insecurity in the regions of Tabriz shows that the direction of insecurity and its expansion trend is from west to east.
Keywords: Keywords: urbanization, spatial structure, urban space, environmental and physical factors, sense of security.