شهر ایمن

شهر ایمن

تدوین چهارچوب سیاستی ضوابط ارتفاعی ساخت‌وساز پیرامون دارایی‌های حائز اهمیت شهری با تأکید بر ملاحظات پدافند غیرعامل: رویکرد تحلیل مضمون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
امید خیرآبادی
دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، همدان، ایران
10.22034/ispdrc.2025.2066329.1202
چکیده
در شرایط ژئوپلیتیکی پرتنش ایران و با توجه به تجربه جنگ ۱۲ روزه ایران و اسرائیل که آسیب‌پذیری دارایی‌های حیاتی شهری را به‌طور عینی آشکار ساخت، ضرورت تدوین ضوابط پدافند غیرعامل در نظام شهرسازی بیش از پیش برجسته می‌شود. یکی از مهم‌ترین کاستی‌ها در این زمینه، فقدان چارچوب جامع و بومی برای کنترل ارتفاع و اشرافیت در بافت‌های متراکم شهری است که می‌تواند پیامدهای امنیتی و فضایی گسترده‌ای در پی داشته باشد. هدف این پژوهش، طراحی چارچوبی سیاست‌محور و اجرایی برای تنظیم ضوابط ارتفاعی پیرامون مراکز حساس و حیاتی شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل است. پژوهش با روش کیفی و رویکرد تحلیل مضمون قیاسی واقع‌گرایانه انجام شد. داده‌ها از طریق ۱۵ مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با خبرگان معماری، شهرسازی، مدیریت بحران و سیاست‌گذاری گردآوری و سپس در فرایند کدگذاری، ۳۳ مفهوم کلیدی استخراج و در قالب ۷ مقوله محوری سازمان‌دهی شد. نتایج نشان داد تدوین ضوابط ارتفاعی مؤثر مستلزم انسجام سیاست‌گذاری چندسطحی، تعریف حقوق مالکانه، طراحی لایه‌های حریم، کنترل اشرافیت بصری و بهره‌گیری از سازوکارهای جبرانی و مشوق‌های کالبدی است. یافته‌های کمی نیز پایایی و روایی بالای سازه‌ها و اثرگذاری معنادار کنترل اشرافیت بصری بر تاب‌آوری شهری در بستر تهدیدات واقعی نظیر جنگ ۱۲ روزه را تأیید کرد. این پژوهش با ارائه چارچوبی راهبردی برای پیوند اصول پدافند غیرعامل با نظام ضوابط شهرسازی، امکان ارتقاء امنیت کالبدی، کاهش آسیب‌پذیری و بهبود حکمرانی فضایی شهری را فراهم می‌سازد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
پدافند غیرعامل
ضوابط ارتفاعی
ساخت‌وساز
دارایی‌های حائز اهمیت
شهرسازی امنیت‌محور
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Developing a Policy Framework for Building Height Regulations Around Critical Urban Assets with Emphasis on Passive Defense Considerations: A Thematic Analysis Approach

نویسنده English

Omid Khairabadi
PhD Student in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction
In Iran’s tense geopolitical context, where regional security challenges continue to shape national planning priorities, the vulnerability of urban assets has become a central concern for policy-makers and urban planners. The experience of the 12-day Iran–Israel war objectively revealed the fragility of critical and sensitive urban centers, highlighting how urban infrastructures, buildings, and essential facilities can quickly become targets or sources of risk. This episode not only demonstrated the material vulnerability of built environments but also emphasized the absence of a systematic framework for anticipating such risks within the existing urban planning system. Among the wide range of shortcomings, the lack of clear, localized, and comprehensive regulations for controlling building heights and mitigating visual dominance stands out as one of the most pressing gaps. In dense urban fabrics, tall buildings can compromise security, surveillance, and defensive preparedness, while at the same time intensifying the exposure of sensitive areas. These issues underline the growing necessity of embedding passive defense principles into the mainstream of urban planning and design.
The aim of this study was to design a policy-oriented and implementable framework for regulating building heights around sensitive and critical urban centers with a passive defense perspective. By combining qualitative analysis with policy insights, the study sought to bridge the gap between theoretical principles of passive defense and the operational realities of urban planning regulations. More specifically, the research addressed the need for a localized regulatory system that could strengthen urban resilience, minimize vulnerabilities, and provide a practical mechanism for decision-makers to manage building forms and their spatial implications in high-risk urban contexts.

Methodology
The research adopted a qualitative methodological orientation grounded in a deductive and realist thematic analysis. This choice reflected the dual need to respect the complexity of security-oriented urban planning and to provide a systematic framework for policy translation. Data collection relied on 15 semi-structured interviews conducted with experts spanning the fields of architecture, urban planning, crisis management, and policy-making. These participants were carefully selected to ensure that both technical and policy perspectives were incorporated into the analysis, thus reinforcing the comprehensiveness and credibility of the findings.
The analysis proceeded through multiple coding stages. Using thematic coding techniques, the qualitative data were first broken down into discrete meaning units and conceptual expressions. Through this process, the research identified 33 key concepts which encapsulated the main ideas emerging from expert insights. These concepts were then systematically grouped and refined into 7 core categories. The thematic structure ensured that the categories were not merely descriptive but also analytically aligned with the study’s broader aim of designing an actionable framework.
To ensure robustness and avoid the risk of subjective interpretation, the study employed rigorous cross-checking of codes and categories, with iterative refinement at each stage of the analysis. Additionally, quantitative validation techniques were applied to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs developed during coding. The combined qualitative and quantitative approach thus strengthened both the interpretive depth and the empirical credibility of the study.

Results and discussion
The study revealed that effective height regulation in passive defense is inherently multi-dimensional and cannot be reduced to simple numerical limits. Instead, it requires an integrated framework that combines legal, design, and socio-economic measures. Key findings highlight the necessity of multi-level policymaking, clear property rights, and the establishment of buffer layers around sensitive assets. Furthermore, controlling visual dominance proved crucial, as uncontrolled sightlines toward critical facilities were consistently identified as a major risk factor. To ensure feasibility, the study stressed the role of compensatory mechanisms and incentives such as tax relief or development rights transfers, which help balance public security needs with private ownership rights.
The quantitative validation confirmed the reliability of the categories and underscored the significant influence of visual dominance control on resilience during real conflict scenarios, such as the 12-day war. Overall, the findings demonstrate that passive defense regulations must be embedded within a strategic governance framework, ensuring coherence across levels of authority while enhancing urban resilience and security.

Conclusion
This study developed a strategic and policy-oriented framework that connects passive defense principles with the urban regulatory system. By combining qualitative thematic analysis with quantitative validation, the research offered both theoretical depth and empirical robustness. The framework identifies the need for coordinated multi-level policymaking, legal clarity regarding property rights, the establishment of buffer layers, control of visual dominance, and the implementation of compensatory mechanisms. Together, these elements constitute a holistic system for regulating building heights around sensitive and critical urban centers.
In practical terms, the framework enhances physical security, reduces vulnerability, and strengthens spatial governance in high-risk contexts. The findings highlight that passive defense is not solely a matter of technical design but also of political negotiation, legal precision, and socio-economic balance. The contribution of this study lies in its ability to translate the lessons of the 12-day war and broader geopolitical realities into actionable urban regulations.
By doing so, it advances the agenda of urban resilience in Iran and provides a replicable model for other regions facing similar threats. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that embedding passive defense considerations into urban planning is both feasible and necessary for the protection of critical assets and the sustainable management of urban spaces in volatile geopolitical environments.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Passive Defense
Height Regulations
Construction
Critical Assets
Security-Oriented Urban Planning
 
Akingbade, A., Olaiya, R., & Olabamiji, A. (2022). Building Compliance to Road Setback in Urban Area of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria: from Remotely Sensed Data. Journal of Geospatial Science and Technology, 3(1), 13–22.
Alhawasli, H., & Daneshjoo, K. (2018). Improving Residential Buildings Performance against the Explosion Using Passive Defense Requirements Case Study: Designing a Residential Building in Damascus. Tr Civil Eng & Arch 2 (3)-2018. TCEIA. MS. ID, 138.
Almaleh, A., & Tipper, D. (2021). Risk-based criticality assessment for smart critical infrastructures. Infrastructures, 7(1), 3.
Alsowail, R. A., & Al-Shehari, T. (2020). Empirical detection techniques of insider threat incidents. IEEE Access, 8, 78385–78402.
Amankwah-Nkyi, K., Hernandez, S., & Mitra, S. K. (2025). Highway-Transportation-Asset Criticality Estimation Leveraging Stakeholder Input Through an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Sustainability, 17(11), 5212.
Amiri, M., Zaeimdar, M., Khaledi, H., & Rezaian, S. (2023). Management of Municipal Waste Storage and Transportation Systems Based on Passive Defense Principles: A Case Study in District 6 of Tehran Municipality, Iran. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 12(3), 158–167.
Ardebili, A. A., Longo, A., & Ficarella, A. (2024). Enhancing cyber-physical security: Integrating virtual fences within digital twins. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR),
Atay, H., & Toz, G. (2012). Spatial analysis based health and safety risk assessment for linear construction projects. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 39, 77–82.
Bank, W. (2017). Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment: Level 1-Initial Screening. World Bank.
Bitarafan, M., Hosseini, K. A., & Zolfani, S. H. (2023). Identification and assessment of man-made threats to cities using integrated Grey BWM-Grey MARCOS method. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 6(2), 581–599.
Bochkov, A. V. (2017). Hazard and risk assessment and mitigation for objects of critical infrastructure. In Diagnostic Techniques in Industrial Engineering (pp. 57–135). Springer.
Bromberg, H. B. (1998). Joint Theater Air and Missile Defense-A Call for a Joint Headquarters.
Carraminana, D., Bernardos, A. M., Besada, J. A., & Casar, J. R. (2024). Towards resilient cities: A hybrid simulation framework for risk mitigation through data-driven decision making. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 133, 102924.
Chaisuriya, S., Keretho, S., Sanguanpong, S., & Praneetpolgrang, P. (2018). A security architecture framework for critical infrastructure with ring-based nested network zones. 2018 10th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST),
Chondrogianni, D., & Karatzas, S. (2023). A systems approach for managing risks with complex interactions in urban spaces. City and Environment Interactions, 20, 100117.
Clark, J. N. (2024). Resilience as a 'concept at work' in the war in Ukraine. Review of International Studies, 50(1), 1–20. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/resilience-as-a-concept-at-work-in-the-war-in-ukraine-exploring-its-international-and-domestic-significance/A2748C8150805101CAF5B31B296B04AC
Cosimo, V. A. (2017). SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND PREVENTION IN URBAN PLANNING. Journal of International Scientific Publications: Ecology & Safety, 11, 414–424.
Curt, C., & Tacnet, J. M. (2018). Resilience of critical infrastructures: Review and analysis of current approaches. Risk analysis, 38(11), 2441–2458.
Daneshmandian, M. C., Behzadfar, M., & Jalilisadrabad, S. (2020). The efficiency of visual buffer zone to preserve historical open spaces in Iran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101856.
Dill, J. (2023). How Ukrainians think about self‐defense against Russia. International Security Studies Review, 29(2), 98–115. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/120873/1/Muller_Crepon_at_any_cost_published.pdf
Duro, E. (2023). A multi-criteria methodology for the integration of Risk Assessment into Spatial Planning as a basis for territorial resilience. The case of Seismic Risk.
Eftekhari, S. M., Etemadi, M., & Hosseini, S. M. (2021). The approach of a new model of earthquake crisis management in the classification of vital arteries. Health in emergencies and disasters quarterly, 7(1), 33–38.
El‐Maissi, A. M., Kassem, M. M., & Nazri, F. M. (2024). Resilient critical infrastructures: An innovative methodological perspective for critical infrastructure (CI) integrated assessment models by inducing digital technologies during multi-hazard incidents. MethodsX, 12, 102561.
Esfahan, N. R., Wang, J., & Razavi, S. (2015). An integrated framework to prevent unsafe proximity hazards in construction by optimizing spatio-temporal constraints.
Eze, E. C., Umeanozie, C. P., & Alozie, C. E. (2025). Enhancing Threat Intelligence for Critical Infrastructure Protection Through Artificial Intelligence: A Proactive Cyber Defence Approach.
Fekete, A., Tzavella, K., & Baumhauer, R. (2017). Spatial exposure aspects contributing to vulnerability and resilience assessments of urban critical infrastructure in a flood and blackout context. Natural Hazards, 86(Suppl 1), 151–176.
Fischer, K., Hiermaier, S., Riedel, W., & Häring, I. (2019). Statistical driven vulnerability assessment for the resilience quantification of urban areas.
Fryer, T. (2022). A critical realist approach to thematic analysis: producing causal explanations. Journal of Critical Realism, 21(4), 365–384.
Galderisi, A., & Limongi, G. (2021). A comprehensive assessment of exposure and vulnerabilities in multi-hazard urban environments: A key tool for risk-informed planning strategies. Sustainability, 13(16), 9055.
Grecoa, A., Pluchinob, A., Barbarossaa, L., Barrecac, G., Caliòa, I., Martinicoa, F., & Rapisardab, A. (2019). A new integrated methodology for the seismic assessment of urban areas. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04335.
Häring, I., Pfeiffer, M., Vogelbacher, G., Stottmeister, A., Restayn, E.-M., Ross, K., & Ramin, M. (2020). Risk and resilience analysis of public civil buildings against shelling with explosive sources in urban contexts. European Journal for Security Research, 5(2), 311–347.
Hausken, K., & Levitin, G. (2011). Active vs. passive defense against a strategic attacker. International Game Theory Review, 13(01), 1–12.
Hivre, S. R., Jadhav, S. M., Shahapure, S., Mhatre, S. M., & Kadam, V. J. (2024). Securing Critical Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Exploration of Modern SCADA Risk Management Strategies. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Distributed Systems Security (ICBDS),
Hong, C., Park, S., Ju, K., & Lee, J. (2024). An Open Disaster Information Platform, Methodology, and Visualization for High-Rise and Complex Facilities. Buildings, 14(12), 4047.
Hossinabadi, K., & Hassan, S. (2024). The Structural Equation Modeling of the Relationship Between Insight and Crisis Management Mediated by Passive Defense: A Case Study of Isfahan Police Department, Iran. Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge (quarterly), 14(2), 208–221.
Hou, J., Gu, D., Shahab, S., & Chan, E. H. w. (2020). Implementation analysis of transfer of development rights for conserving privately owned built heritage in Hong Kong: A transactions costs perspective. Growth and Change, 51(1), 530–550.
Jan, S., Tauqeer, O. B., Khan, F. Q., Tsaramirsis, G., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, I., Maqsood, I., & Ullah, N. (2021). A framework for systematic classification of assets for security testing. Comput. Mater. Contin, 66(1), 631–645.
Jin, J., & Wang, F. (2025). Fed-RSSC: A Semi-Decentralized Federated Framework for Remote Sensing Scene Classification. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.
Johansen, K. W., Schultz, C., & Teizer, J. Enhancing Usability and Integration of Construction Safety Assessment in Construction Planning Through Knowledge Graph Exploitation. Available at SSRN 4716140.
Johnson, K., Depietri, Y., & Breil, M. (2016). Multi-hazard risk assessment of two Hong Kong districts. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 311–323.
Kamissoko, D., Nastov, B., Chapurlat, V., Dolidon, H., Bony-Dandrieux, A., Barroca, B., Marechal, M., Tixier, J., Allon, M., & Benaben, F. (2019). Resilience of Interconnected Infrastructures and Systems: the RESIIST project. International Conference on Applied Technologies,
Kepe, M. (2023). Resisting Russia: Insights into Ukraine's civilian-based resistance. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2000/RRA2034-1.pdf
Khayeri, F., Tabibi, S. J., Riahi, L., & Hajinabi, K. (2024). Efficiency and coherent development as the main concepts of health care managers' readiness in passive defense; Experiences of Iranians healthcare managers. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1), 438.
Kudlenko, A. (2023). Roots of Ukrainian resilience and the agency of Ukrainian society before and after Russia's full-scale invasion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 67(5), 1234–1256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2023.2258620
Kurnyshova, Y. (2023). Ukraine at war: Resilience and normative agency. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 17(3), 1–20. https://www.cejiss.org/ukraine-at-war-resilience-and-normative-agency
Kurylo, B. (2025). Vernacular security and Ukrainian civil society in wartime. European Journal of International Relations, 31(1), 45–67. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/127561/1/kurylo-2025-from-individual-to-collective-vernacular-security-and-ukrainian-civil-society-in-wartime.pdf
Lee, J. J., Go, M.-H., Kim, Y.-K., Joo, M., Seo, J., Oh, H., Kauh, J., & Lee, K. (2020). A multi-component analysis of cpted in the cyberspace domain. Sensors, 20(14), 3968.
Luskova, M., & Dvorak, Z. (2019). Applying risk management process in critical infrastructure protection. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems: INDECS, 17(1-A), 7–12.
Mashtaliar, Y., Kozachok, V., Brzhevska, Z., & Bohdanov, O. (2023). Research of Development and Innovation of Cyber Protection at Critical Infrastructure Facilities. Cybersecurity Education Science Technique, 2(22), 156–167.
Masoumbeigi, H., Ghanizadeh, G., Mirshafiee, A., Raei, A., & Roshan Cheraghi, B. (2022). Assessment of passive defense status in Hospitalsâ food material and pharmaceutical warehouses. Journal of Military Medicine, 23(6), 541–551.
Meyer, S. F., Jore, S. H., & Johansen, K. W. (2015). Troublesome trade-offs: balancing urban activities and values when securing a city-centre governmental quarter. City, Territory and Architecture, 2(1), 8.
Moullier, T., & Krimgold, F. (2016). Building regulation for resilience: managing risks for safer cities.
Moullier, T., & Krimgold, F. (2016). Building regulation for resilience: managing risks for safer cities.
Nazeran, R., Sokhango, N. R., Kalat, A. N., Ostad-Ali-Askari, K., & Dalezios, N. (2018). Urban network analysis and pathology in central texture of mashhad metropolis from a passive defense point of view, case study of mashhad municipality, mashhad, iran. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(1).
Nowak, M., Cotella, G., & Śleszyński, P. (2021). The legal, administrative, and governance frameworks of spatial policy, planning, and land use: Interdependencies, barriers, and directions of change. In (Vol. 10, pp. 1119): MDPI.
Osei-Kyei, R., Almeida, L. M., Ampratwum, G., & Tam, V. (2022). Systematic review of critical infrastructure resilience indicators. Construction Innovation, 23(5), 1210–1231.
Parizi, S. M., Taleai, M., & Sharifi, A. (2024). A spatial evaluation framework of urban physical resilience considering different phases of disaster risk management. Natural Hazards, 120(14), 13041–13076.
Pokorny, J., Machalova, B., Slivkova, S., Brumarova, L., & Vlcek, V. (2020). Planning of safety of cities and territory from the point of view of population protection in the Czech Republic. Sustainability, 12(22), 9487.
Poudel, A., Argyroudis, S., & Pitilakis, K. (2024). Systemic seismic risk assessment of urban healthcare system considering interdependencies to critical infrastructures. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103, 104304.
Proudfoot, K. (2023). Inductive/deductive hybrid thematic analysis in mixed methods research. Journal of mixed methods research, 17(3), 308–326.
Riegel, C. (2015). Spatial criticality-identifying CIP hot-spots for German regional planning. International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 11(3), 265–277.
Rohr, A., Priesmeier, P., Tzavella, K., & Fekete, A. (2020). System criticality of road network areas for emergency management services—Spatial assessment using a tessellation approach. Infrastructures, 5(11), 99.
Roshanaei, M. (2021). Resilience at the core: critical infrastructure protection challenges, priorities and cybersecurity assessment strategies. Journal of Computer and Communications, 9(8), 80–102.
Rostampisheh, M., Arbabi Sabzevari, A., & Navidi Majd, F. (2023). Assessing the Architectural Compatibility of Urban Buildings With Passive Defense Principles in Eslamshahr City. Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge (quarterly), 13(2), 204–227.
Šarūnienė, I., Martišauskas, L., Krikštolaitis, R., Augutis, J., & Setola, R. (2024). Risk assessment of critical infrastructures: A methodology based on criticality of infrastructure elements. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 243, 109797.
Selim, A. M., & Haggag, A. G. (2021). Architectural and structural fundamentals for the high-risk buildings: Smart architectural model for safe security surveillance point in Sinai. Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies, 5(1).
Selvam, M., Ramachandran, M., Ramu, K., & Chinnasamy, S. (2022). Risk Assessment of Critical Infrastructures using COPRAS Method. In.
Serdar, M. Z., & Al‐Ghamdi, S. G. (2023). Assessing Resilience in Urban Critical Infrastructures: Interdependencies and Considerations. Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate: Enhancing Urban Resilience, 81–96.
Serra, S. (2021). Urban planning and the market of development rights in Italy: learning from Milan. City, Territory and Architecture, 8(1), 3.
Sinenko, S., Yakupova, J., & Satiadzhiev, H. (2021). Safety of Objects of the Urban Environment During Construction Work. E3S Web of Conferences,
Smalley, M. (2007). Fenestration obscuration techniques. Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting III, 6741, 215–222.
Stepanenko[l1] , V. (2025). 'Who, if not us?': Civic activism and defence in wartime Ukraine. Journal of Peace Research, 62(4), 500–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2025.2467214
Tomic, M., Dinic, J., & Priorova, E. (2020). Security Aspects of Urban Planning and Design—“The European Model”.
Uwayezu, E., & T. de Vries, W. (2020). Can in-kind compensation for expropriated real property promote spatial justice? A case study analysis of resettlement in Kigali city, Rwanda. Sustainability, 12(9), 3753.
Vardanyan, A. (2022). The Role of Physical Features of the Site in the Design of Military-Resistant Building. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM, 22(5.1), 489–496.
Vhpiliarevych, V., Tocicka, J. W., & Szafrańska, K. (2023). CIVIL PROTECTION AND PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE DURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE MARTIAL STATE. Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues, 13(1).
Vitale, T. (2010). Regulation by incentives, regulation of the incentives in urban policies. Transnational Corporations Review, 2(2), 35–45.
Wilson, J. P. (1967). Effect of Protective Passive Defense Measures on Vulnerability of Unarmored Automotive Ground Vehicles: Vulnerability of a 2.5-ton Cargo Truck to Single-Shot Fragment Impacts and to Direct Hits With Small Shaped Charges.
Wiltshire, G., & Ronkainen, N. (2021). A realist approach to thematic analysis: making sense of qualitative data through experiential, inferential and dispositional themes. Journal of Critical Realism, 20(2), 159–180.
Yang, J., Wang, T., & Xu, W. (2023). Study on Dynamic Prevention and Control System of Urban Safety Risks. 2023 China Automation Congress (CAC),
Yi, Z., Zhang, M., Liang, C., Chang, Y., Lu, Y., & Cui, X. (2022). Urban safety risk index model based on multi-disaster coupling. In Advances in Petrochemical Engineering and Green Development (pp. 510–515). CRC Press.
Yigit, Y., Ferrag, M. A., Ghanem, M. C., Sarker, I. H., Maglaras, L. A., Chrysoulas, C., Moradpoor, N., Tihanyi, N., & Janicke, H. (2025). Generative AI and LLMs for critical infrastructure protection: evaluation benchmarks, agentic AI, challenges, and opportunities. Sensors, 25(6), 1666.
Yigit, Y., Ferrag, M. A., Sarker, I. H., Maglaras, L. A., Chrysoulas, C., Moradpoor, N., & Janicke, H. (2024). Critical infrastructure protection: Generative AI, challenges, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.04874.
Zamanzadeh, V., Purabdollah, M., & Ghasempour, M. (2021). COVID-19 message: necessity of attention to passive defense in emerging diseases. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 9(2), 172.
Zhao, G., & Song, J. (2020). Network security model based on active defense and passive defense hybrid strategy. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 39(6), 8897–8905.