[1] Afrough, E. (1998). space and society, space and social Inequality. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University
Press.
[2] Alimardani, M. , Mahdinejhad, J. , Afhami, T. (2016). The Qualitative Growth of Urban Space to Enhance
Social Interaction (Case study: Ahmad Abad, Street, Mashhad). Honarhaye Karbordi Journal Of Applied
Semnan University, 4(7), 5-14. Retrieved from https://aaj. semnan.ac.ir/article_2594. html?lang=en
[3] Arabi, M. , Saberi Naseri, T. , and Jahdi, R. (2020). Use all generation of crime prevention through
environmental design (CPTED) for design urban historical fabric (Case Study: The central area of Tehran
Metropolis, Eastern Oudlajan). Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(2), 519-553. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447919301571.
[4] Bayat, B. (2016). Sociological Expression of Feeling Of Security Among Residents of Tehran (Emphasizing
Media Attention And Social Capital). Nameh-ye Olum-E Ejtemai, 16(35), pp. 115-132. Retrieved from
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper. aspx?id=97831
[5] Cozens, P. (2008). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Western Australia: Planningfor
Sustainabale Urban Futures, International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 3 (3). Curtin
University of Technology, Western Australia.
[6] Ghalambor Dezfooli, R. , Mohammadi, Sh. (2015). Urban spaces defensless distribution analysis using
GIS(case study: new city of Paradis). The Journal of Disciplinary Geography , 1394(11), 1-24. Retrieved
from http://pogra. jrl. police.ir/article_9679. html?lang=en
[7] Ghelich, M. , Ammari, H. (2013). An introduction to the defenseless urban space. Tehran: teesa Publication.
[8] Gholipour, H. , Razini, R. (2016). Analysis of the components of the humanities development policy using
the importance-performance analysis approach. Basij Strategic Studies, 19(70), 41-70. Retrieved from
http://www.bsrq.ir/article_80428. html?lang=en
[9] Goldstein Daniel M. (2012). Outlawed: Between Security and Rights in a Bolivian City. Durham: Duke
University Press. Retrieved from DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395607
[10] Kashani Asl, A. , Allahgholitabar, F. , Afzali, Z. (2019). Improving defenseless urban spaces with a dynamic
approach. Quality In Architectural And Urban Spaces. Zanjan: National Scientific conference. Retrieved
from https://civilica.com/doc/914356.
[11] Laidler, K. A. J. (2009). Crimonology. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 2nd edition.
[12] Lennard, S. G. & Lennard, H. (1993). Urban Space Design and Social Life, companion to contemporary
architectural. London: Rutledge. ISBN: 9781138940178
[13] Lotfi, S. , Berdi anamoradnejhad, R. , Vahedi, H. (2015). Evaluation of Physical Components of Public
Spaces and their Impact on Social Security of Babolsar Citizens. Strategic Research on Social Problems in
Iran, 4(1), 131-152. Retrieved from https://ssoss. ui.ac.ir/article_17117. html?lang=en
[14] Madanipour, A. (2013). Urban space design: an attitude on a socio-spatial process, Translation: Mortezaei F,
published by the Urban Planning and Processing Company, Tehran. Retrieved from https://opac. nlai.ir/opacprod/search/briefListSearch.
do?command=FULL_VIEW&id=3280684&pageStatus=1&sortKeyValue1=sortkey_title&sortKeyValue2=
sortkey_author
[15] Majedi, H. , Mansouri, E. , Hajiahmadi, A. (2011). Redefining urban space (Case study: Valiasr axis between
Valiasr Square and Valiasr intersection). Urban management, 9(27), 263-287. Retrieved from
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper. aspx?id=150454

[16] Mohseni Tabrizi, A. , Gharamani, S. , Yahak, S. (2011). Indefensible urban spaces and violence (Study on
indefensible urban spaces of Tehran city). Journal of Applied Sociology, 22(4), 51-70. Retrieved from
https://jas. ui.ac.ir/article_18243. html?lang=en
[17] Nematiniya, L. , Maadani, S. , Babaei, M. (2020). The Mental Understanding of Tehranian Citizens about
the Feeling of Non Security in Defenseless Urban Spaces, Quarterly Journal of Social Studies and Research
in Iran, 9(1), 103-129. Retrieved from https://jisr. ut.ac.ir/article_75905. html?lang=en
[18] Parsaei, J. , Nemati, Gh. (2020). Reconstruction of urban space in order to strengthen social interactions in
order to promote a sense of vitality and dynamism of the city. Civil Engineering, Architecture, Development
and Reconstruction of Urban Infrastructure in Iran. Tehran: International Scientific Conference. Retrieved
from https://civilica.com/doc/1113983
[19] Piroozfar, P. , Farr, E. , Osei-Berchie, J. , Aboagye-Nimo, E. (2019). Crime prevention in urban spaces
through environmental design: A critical UK perspective. Cities, Volume 95. Retrieved from DOI:
10.17632/pvfp5zdswp. 1.
[20] Sadeghi, L. , Baniameriyan, J. , Zoghi, A. (2011). Role of urban planning in promoting urban security The.
Journal of Kurdistan Disciplinary science, 2(8). Retrieved from http://journals. police.ir/article_16667.
html?lang=en
[21] Salaripour, A. , Adeli, Z. (2010). Security in urban spaces (Case study of Qazvin city). urban landscape.
Tehran: The first National Scientific Conference.
[22] Sarvar, H. , Kashani Asl, A. , Salahi, V. , Lalepour, M. (2015). Evaluation of the Capabilities of Development
of Ahar city of Iran, with an Emphasis on the Role of Road Transportation Network. Journal of Civil
Engineering and Urbanism. 5 (2), pp. 108-115. Retrieved from
http://www.ojceu.ir/main/attachments/article/39/J. Civil Eng. Urban. , 5 (2) 108-115, 2015. pdf
[23] Sarvar, H. , Kashani Asl, A. , Salahi, V. (2016). Introduction to The Dynamics Of Urban Spaces. Maragheh:
Maragheh University Press.
[24] Sarvar, H. , Kashani Asl, A. , Salahi, V. , Afzali, Z. (2017). Evaluation of indoor market Ardabil in terms of
having dynamism elements of urban space. Journal of Research and Urban Planning , 8(30), 51-64.
Retrieved from http://jupm. miau.ac.ir/article_2498. html?lang=en
[25] Schuilenburg, M. , Peeters, R. (2018). Marc Schuilenburg and Rik Peeters, Smart cities and the architecture
of security: pastoral power and the scripted design of public space. City Territory and Architecture 5(13), 2-
9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-018-0090-8
[26] Shahani, R. , Salaripour, A. (2021). Improving security and vitality in urban spaces using lighting design,
Case study: Alam al-Huda sidewalk, Rasht. Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development.
Tehran: 7th Annual International Scientific Congress. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1373705
[27] Shakouri asl, Sh. (2016). Recognition of Environmental attributes contributing to women’s’ Security in
Urban Spaces (Case Study: Makhsus and Salamat Neighborhoods, Tehran’s 11th Region). Motaleate Shahri,
6(21), 77-91. Retrieved from https://urbstudies. uok.ac.ir/article_46004. html?lang=en
[28] Shokri, Sh. (2011). The cultural role of commercial centers in the city (a case study on the central passage
of Islamshahr). Thesis for obtaining a bachelor's degree. Supervisor: Dr. Fekouhi, Tehran: University of
Tehran.
[29] Siniscalchi, J. M. , Beale, E. K. , & Fortuna, A. (2008). Using importance‐performance analysis to evaluate
training. Performance Improvement, 47(10), 30-35.
[30] Taehoon, H. , Gyeong, S. O. , & Hyeon, H. P. (2015). Comparative analysis of defensible space in CPTED
housing and non-CPTED housing. International Journal of Law. Crime and Justice, 43(4), 496-511.

[31] UN-Habitat (2017). Safe Cities Global Initiatives. UN. Retrieved from http://unwomen.org
[32] UN-Habitat (2019). Safer Cities Programme. UN. Retrieved from https://fukuoka.
unhabitat.org/programmes/ detail04_01_en. html
[33] Wickremasinghe, H. T. , & Kaluthanthri, P. C. (2021). Spatial distribution of crimes in urban areas: An
insight from Sri Lanka. GEOGRAFIA OnlineTM Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 17 (4), 207-220.
e-ISSN 2682-7727. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2021-1704-15
[34] Zolfagharzadeh, H. , Hesari, P. , Cheghni, F. (2021). Assessing the vulnerability of urban settlements in
environmental hazards in the direction of moving to sustainable cities (Case study: Traditional settlements of
Dezful and Boroujerd), Journal of Resilient City (12). Retrieved from http://ispdrc.ir/2021/03/15