نشریه علمی شهر ایمن

نشریه علمی شهر ایمن

ارزیابی انواع روش های اسکان موقت در زمان بحران در برابر تهدیدات با بهره گیری از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
علی بیطرفان 1
خسرو دانشجو 2
1 داﻧﺸﺠﻮی دﮐﺘﺮی ﻣﻌﻤﺎری، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه هنر و ﻣﻌﻤﺎری، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت تهران، اﯾﺮان
2 استادیار دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
10.22034/ispdrc.2023.703272
چکیده
همواره بحث ایمنی جانی در زمان بحران ها برای بشر در طول تاریخ با اهمیت بوده و یکی از نیازهای مهم بشر بوده است. بروز تهدیدات طبیعی منجر به ویرانی منازل مسکونی، ترک اجباری زیستگاه های ویرانشده و بی خانمانی مردم مناطق سانحه دیده میشود. عدم وجود مکانی جهت آسایش و در امان ماندن افراد سانحه دیده از اثرات مخرب سوانح و نبود احساس امنیت، ضرورت تأمین سرپناه برای آنها را ایجاد میکند. در این مقاله سعی شده است، ابتدا شاخص‌های مرتبط با انتخاب بهترین روش اسکان موقت در زمان بحران تاثیرگذار با استفاده از نظرات خبرگانی در حوزه معماری، عمران و مدیریت بحران تعیین شده و در مرحله بعد میزان تاثیر گذاری و اهمیت آنها با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای قابلیت مقاومت در برابر زلزله، پیچیدگی اجرا، سرعت اجرا، هزینه و قابلیت آوار برداری بدست آورده شود. جامعه خبرگان متشکل از 16 نفر بود که به پرسشنامه‌ای جهت تعیین اولویت‌ شاخص‌ها و وزن گزینه ها پاسخ دادند. در ادامه با استفاده از روش AHP میزان وزن هر یک از شاخص‌های اصلی و فرعی (زیر شاخص) بدست آورده شد و سپس با استفاده از همین روش وزن هر یک از گزینه های موجود در شاخص‌ها محاسبه شد. در نهایت نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که چادرزنی ناسازگارترین روش اسکان موقت در شرایط بحران می باشد و همچنین استفاده از مصالح بوم آورد با توجه به اهداف ذکر شده مناسب ترین روش اسکان موقت می باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اسکان موقت
زلزله
بحران
تهدیدات
روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Evaluating the Various Methods of Temporary Shelter in Crisis Situations Using the AHP Method

نویسندگان English

Ali Bitarafan 1
Khosro Daneshjoo 2
1 .Ph.D. Student in Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Science and Research in Tehran, Iran (corresponding author)
2 Assistant Professor of the Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Crisis management has always been one of the fundamental concerns of human societies. Throughout history, natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and storms have destroyed vast numbers of residential units and left large populations homeless. One of the most critical phases of crisis management is the provision of temporary shelter for disaster victims. The absence of shelter not only threatens the physical and psychological safety of survivors but also creates serious obstacles in the path of recovery and reconstruction of affected areas.
 
Iran, as one of the world’s earthquake-prone countries with vulnerable and deteriorated urban and rural fabrics, is constantly exposed to such hazards. Therefore, the identification and evaluation of various temporary housing methods and the selection of the most effective and sustainable options in times of crisis are of vital importance.
 
This article aims to assess different types of temporary housing solutions during crises and evaluate their resilience against threats. To achieve this, a set of criteria—such as resistance to earthquakes, implementation speed, cost, complexity of construction, and demolition potential—were identified and weighted through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Methodology
 The research employed a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through expert interviews and questionnaires distributed among professionals in architecture, civil engineering, and crisis management. The study population consisted of 16 experts whose perspectives were used to determine the relative importance of criteria and available housing options.
The main steps of the methodology were:
Identification of criteria: A comprehensive set of indicators influencing temporary housing selection was identified. The five primary criteria included structural resistance, speed of implementation, cost-effectiveness, complexity of construction, and debris removal capacity.
Determination of housing options: Various alternatives such as tent settlements, prefabricated containers, and housing based on local materials
Application of AHP: Pairwise comparisons were made between criteria and then between alternatives, allowing the calculation of relative weights. This method helped quantify both the importance of each criterion and the degree to which each option satisfied them.
Data analysis: Finally, the weighted scores of alternatives were synthesized to produce a ranking of the temporary housing methods.
 Discussion and Results
 The analysis revealed significant differences in the effectiveness of temporary housing methods.
Tent settlements were identified as the least suitable option for temporary housing in crisis situations. Despite their quick installation, tents suffer from severe deficiencies: poor structural resistance against aftershocks and extreme weather, inadequate living comfort, lack of personal privacy, and minimal sanitation provisions. These shortcomings make tents an unsustainable solution beyond very short-term emergencies.
Local materials were ranked as the most appropriate option. This method offers several advantages:
Durability and resistance: Locally sourced materials are generally adapted to regional climatic and environmental conditions, providing higher resilience.
Affordability and speed: The accessibility of local resources reduces costs and accelerates construction.
Social acceptance: Shelters built with familiar materials align better with cultural and social practices, enhancing community satisfaction and psychological comfort.
Prefabricated containers and similar structures were found to be moderately effective. While they provide advantages in terms of rapid deployment and relocatability, their high costs and logistical complexity limit their feasibility on a large scale.
The study emphasized that temporary housing solutions should not be selected solely based on speed of construction. Instead, a balanced approach that integrates technical, social, and economic factors is necessary. Furthermore, site selection plays a critical role in the success of temporary housing projects. Case studies highlighted that open urban spaces—particularly parks and vacant lots—are the most appropriate sites, as they are government-owned, low-cost to adapt, and located within accessible residential areas.
The findings align with international experiences that stress the importance of sustainable and resilient temporary housing strategies. While emergency sheltering is a short-term response, the transition to more durable temporary solutions must consider not only physical safety but also cultural, social, and environmental dimensions.
 Conclusion
 Temporary housing is a vital phase of crisis management with direct implications for human survival, psychological well-being, and the speed of post-disaster recovery. The findings of this research demonstrate that optimal choices must be based on multi-dimensional evaluations. The use of the AHP model allowed the researchers to integrate technical, social, and cultural considerations into the decision-making process.
The study reached the following main conclusions:
Tent settlements are the least appropriate solution, suitable only for the immediate aftermath of a disaster.
Housing constructed from local materials is the most effective and sustainable option, offering resilience, affordability, and social acceptance.
Prefabricated shelters, while useful in some contexts, are constrained by cost and deployment challenges.
Effective planning of temporary housing requires a holistic approach that balances speed, cost, structural safety, and cultural relevance.
Pre-disaster planning, accurate site selection, and consideration of community needs are essential to ensure successful sheltering operations and prevent humanitarian crises from escalating.
Ultimately, the study underscores that temporary housing should not be treated merely as a short-term logistical solution but as a critical step in building resilience and facilitating long-term recovery. By prioritizing sustainable and locally adaptable strategies, crisis management authorities can mitigate the devastating impacts of natural disasters and strengthen community resilience.
 Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific advisors and participants in the research.


کلیدواژه‌ها English

Temporary Shelter
Earthquake
Crisis
Threats
Hierarchical Analysis Method
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